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        <Text language="fre">&lt;p&gt;Selon le mod&amp;egrave;le &amp;quot;standard&amp;quot; d&amp;#39;analyse du risque, utilis&amp;eacute; majoritairement aujourd&amp;#39;hui, les experts basent leurs pratiques sur des hypoth&amp;egrave;ses, des concepts, voire des valeurs implicites qui ne peuvent &amp;ecirc;tre consid&amp;eacute;r&amp;eacute;es comme des &amp;eacute;vidences. La fin du XX&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&amp;egrave;cle a marqu&amp;eacute; une crise de l&amp;#39;expertise. Progressivement s&amp;#39;est instaur&amp;eacute; un d&amp;eacute;bat autour du principe de pr&amp;eacute;caution, principe dont l&amp;#39;application a des cons&amp;eacute;quences pour la d&amp;eacute;cision et pour l&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;valuation du risque lui-m&amp;ecirc;me. De son c&amp;ocirc;t&amp;eacute;, la soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; civile a un r&amp;ocirc;le participatif fort &amp;agrave; jouer. Se dessinent ainsi les contours d&amp;#39;une analyse de risque &amp;quot;postmoderne&amp;quot;, dite &amp;quot;constructiviste&amp;quot;, qu&amp;#39;il s&amp;#39;agit de mettre &amp;agrave; l&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;preuve concr&amp;egrave;tement.&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;p&gt;According to the &amp;ldquo;standard&amp;rdquo; risk analysis model most used to date, experts base their practices on hypotheses, concepts, or implicit values that cannot be seen as self-evident. The end of the 20th century fin saw a crisis in terms of expertise, with a debate gradually developing about the principle of precaution, whose application has consequences for decision-making and risk evaluation. Civil society, for its part, has a major participatory role to play. The outline of a &amp;ldquo;postmodern&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;constructivist&amp;rdquo; risk analysis strategy is gradually appearing, which needs to be tested in a concrete fashion.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>Crise de l'expertise, débat autour du principe de précaution, implication de la société civile dans l'évaluation du risque... autant d'éléments qui permettent de tracer les contours d'une analyse de risque "constructiviste".</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;face par Beno&amp;icirc;t Fauconneau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;rsquo;analyse des risques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;rsquo;expert, le d&amp;eacute;cideur et le citoyen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Des acteurs multiples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Risque et analyse des risques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;La naissance de l&amp;#39;expertise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Le mod&amp;egrave;le &amp;laquo;&amp;nbsp;standard &amp;raquo; d&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;valuation du risque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;et ses options&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Les pr&amp;eacute;suppos&amp;eacute;s du mod&amp;egrave;le standard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;espace des risques dans le mod&amp;egrave;le standard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;mergence du principe de pr&amp;eacute;caution :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;comment g&amp;eacute;rer l&amp;#39;incertitude ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Les critiques externes du mod&amp;egrave;le standard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Les critiques internes de l&amp;#39;expertise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;introduction du principe de pr&amp;eacute;caution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Qualifier l&amp;#39;incertitude&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Le risque z&amp;eacute;ro et les analyses co&amp;ucirc;ts/b&amp;eacute;n&amp;eacute;fices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;implication de la soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; civile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Quelle interpr&amp;eacute;tation pour la &amp;laquo; crise de l&amp;#39;expertise &amp;raquo; ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Associer les citoyens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Discussion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Pour en savoir plus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</Text>
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        <Text language="eng">&lt;p&gt;According to the &amp;ldquo;standard&amp;rdquo; risk analysis model most used to date, experts base their practices on hypotheses, concepts, or implicit values that cannot be seen as self-evident. The end of the 20th century fin saw a crisis in terms of expertise, with a debate gradually developing about the principle of precaution, whose application has consequences for decision-making and risk evaluation. Civil society, for its part, has a major participatory role to play. The outline of a &amp;ldquo;postmodern&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;constructivist&amp;rdquo; risk analysis strategy is gradually appearing, which needs to be tested in a concrete fashion.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;face par Beno&amp;icirc;t Fauconneau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;rsquo;analyse des risques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;rsquo;expert, le d&amp;eacute;cideur et le citoyen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Des acteurs multiples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Risque et analyse des risques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;La naissance de l&amp;#39;expertise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Le mod&amp;egrave;le &amp;laquo;&amp;nbsp;standard &amp;raquo; d&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;valuation du risque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;et ses options&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Les pr&amp;eacute;suppos&amp;eacute;s du mod&amp;egrave;le standard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;espace des risques dans le mod&amp;egrave;le standard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;mergence du principe de pr&amp;eacute;caution :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;comment g&amp;eacute;rer l&amp;#39;incertitude ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Les critiques externes du mod&amp;egrave;le standard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Les critiques internes de l&amp;#39;expertise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;introduction du principe de pr&amp;eacute;caution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Qualifier l&amp;#39;incertitude&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Le risque z&amp;eacute;ro et les analyses co&amp;ucirc;ts/b&amp;eacute;n&amp;eacute;fices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;implication de la soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; civile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Quelle interpr&amp;eacute;tation pour la &amp;laquo; crise de l&amp;#39;expertise &amp;raquo; ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Associer les citoyens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Discussion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Pour en savoir plus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</Text>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;p&gt;Selon le mod&amp;egrave;le &amp;quot;standard&amp;quot; d&amp;#39;analyse du risque, utilis&amp;eacute; majoritairement aujourd&amp;#39;hui, les experts basent leurs pratiques sur des hypoth&amp;egrave;ses, des concepts, voire des valeurs implicites qui ne peuvent &amp;ecirc;tre consid&amp;eacute;r&amp;eacute;es comme des &amp;eacute;vidences. La fin du XX&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; si&amp;egrave;cle a marqu&amp;eacute; une crise de l&amp;#39;expertise. Progressivement s&amp;#39;est instaur&amp;eacute; un d&amp;eacute;bat autour du principe de pr&amp;eacute;caution, principe dont l&amp;#39;application a des cons&amp;eacute;quences pour la d&amp;eacute;cision et pour l&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;valuation du risque lui-m&amp;ecirc;me. De son c&amp;ocirc;t&amp;eacute;, la soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; civile a un r&amp;ocirc;le participatif fort &amp;agrave; jouer. Se dessinent ainsi les contours d&amp;#39;une analyse de risque &amp;quot;postmoderne&amp;quot;, dite &amp;quot;constructiviste&amp;quot;, qu&amp;#39;il s&amp;#39;agit de mettre &amp;agrave; l&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;preuve concr&amp;egrave;tement.&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;p&gt;According to the &amp;ldquo;standard&amp;rdquo; risk analysis model most used to date, experts base their practices on hypotheses, concepts, or implicit values that cannot be seen as self-evident. The end of the 20th century fin saw a crisis in terms of expertise, with a debate gradually developing about the principle of precaution, whose application has consequences for decision-making and risk evaluation. Civil society, for its part, has a major participatory role to play. The outline of a &amp;ldquo;postmodern&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;constructivist&amp;rdquo; risk analysis strategy is gradually appearing, which needs to be tested in a concrete fashion.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>Crise de l'expertise, débat autour du principe de précaution, implication de la société civile dans l'évaluation du risque... autant d'éléments qui permettent de tracer les contours d'une analyse de risque "constructiviste".</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Pr&amp;eacute;face par Beno&amp;icirc;t Fauconneau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;rsquo;analyse des risques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;rsquo;expert, le d&amp;eacute;cideur et le citoyen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Des acteurs multiples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Risque et analyse des risques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;La naissance de l&amp;#39;expertise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Le mod&amp;egrave;le &amp;laquo;&amp;nbsp;standard &amp;raquo; d&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;valuation du risque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;et ses options&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Les pr&amp;eacute;suppos&amp;eacute;s du mod&amp;egrave;le standard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;espace des risques dans le mod&amp;egrave;le standard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;&amp;eacute;mergence du principe de pr&amp;eacute;caution :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;comment g&amp;eacute;rer l&amp;#39;incertitude ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Les critiques externes du mod&amp;egrave;le standard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Les critiques internes de l&amp;#39;expertise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;introduction du principe de pr&amp;eacute;caution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Qualifier l&amp;#39;incertitude&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Le risque z&amp;eacute;ro et les analyses co&amp;ucirc;ts/b&amp;eacute;n&amp;eacute;fices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;L&amp;#39;implication de la soci&amp;eacute;t&amp;eacute; civile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Quelle interpr&amp;eacute;tation pour la &amp;laquo; crise de l&amp;#39;expertise &amp;raquo; ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Associer les citoyens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Discussion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"&gt;Pour en savoir plus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</Text>
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