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            <Subtitle>Cette collection publie des ouvrages en français ou en anglais faisant le point sur des avancées récentes dans les domaines des sciences et des technologies. Elle est destinée aux spécialistes du domaine.</Subtitle>
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          <TitleText>Conceptual Basis, Formalisations and Parameterization of the Stics Crop Model</TitleText>
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        <BiographicalNote>&lt;p&gt;Nadine Brisson is a crop scientist, working at INRA. She is at the origin of STICS and has a large experience in crop modelling built, for twenty years, from various approaches, issues and crops. She is involved in programs where the model is used in various ways as a heuristic, prospective or experimental tool. She is head of the INRA agroclimatic service.&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <BiographicalNote>&lt;p&gt;Marie Launay is a crop scientist, working at INRA. She is responsible for STICS agrophysiology and is particularly involved in STICS adaptation to new crops. She is in charge of training and communication about the model. She is now at the head of the research project on biotic stress formalizations into the crop model.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <BiographicalNote>&lt;p&gt;Bruno Mary is a senior scientist, working at INRA. He developed the STICS modules devoted to the crop and soil nitrogen balance. For almost thirty years, he has been studying soil C and N cycles by associating experimental and modelling approaches, either with mechanistic or functional models. He collaborates in several programs concerning C and N storage, N gaseous emissions and N mineralization, in various agro-ecosystems&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <BiographicalNote>&lt;p&gt;Nicolas Beaudoin is an agronomist, working at INRA as research engineer. He contributed to the soil module conception and parameterisation. He uses STICS for predicting nitrate leaching and crop yield at several spatial scales and for studying the long term nitrogen balance of various cropping systems, including crop devoted to energy production.&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;This Print On Demand book will be sent within 3 weeks (metropolitan France) and in a separate package if you order another paperback book.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cet ouvrage en impression à la demande sera envoyé sous 3 semaines environ (France métropolitaine) et dans un colis séparé en cas de commande avec un autre livre papier.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le modèle de culture STICS est développé à l'INRA depuis 1996 en collaboration avec d'autres centres de recherche et instituts techniques. Ce modèle synthétise, illustre et concrétise une part importante des connaissances agronomiques françaises, comme un point de vue sur la parcelle et le fonctionnement des systèmes de culture. Les formalisations du modèle STICS présentées dans cet ouvrage peuvent être considérées comme des références en agrophysiologie. L'ouvrage est structuré selon la façon dont le modèle conçoit le fonctionnement du système sol-culture. Chaque chapitre est consacré à un ensemble important de fonctions telles que le démarrage en croissance, la mise en place des composantes du rendement, la consommation en eau, la transformation de la matière organique etc. L'un des chapitres traite de la problématique des systèmes de culture et des simulations à long terme. Le dernier chapitre aborde l'implication de l'utilisateur en termes de choix d'options et de paramétrisation. Cet ouvrage est principalement destiné aux scientifiques qui utilisent le modèle STICS mais il intéressera également les agronomes, les modélisateurs de cultures, étudiants et techniciens à la recherche de formalisations élémentaires du fonctionnement du système culture-sol.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;This Print On Demand book will be sent within 3 weeks (metropolitan France) and in a separate package if you order another paperback book.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;Le modèle de culture STICS est développé depuis 1996 à l'INRA en collaboration avec d'autres instituts de recherche et techniques. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;Le modèle synthétise, illustre et concrétise une part importante du savoir agronomique français comme point de vue sur le fonctionnement des champs et des systèmes de culture. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;Les formalisations du modèle de culture STICS présentées dans cet ouvrage peuvent être considérées comme des références utilisées dans le cadre des sciences des cultures. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;L'arrangement du livre repose sur la manière dont le modèle conçoit le fonctionnement du système culture-sol, chaque chapitre étant consacré à un ensemble de fonctions importantes telles que l'initiation de la croissance, le début du rendement, l'absorption d'eau, la transformation de la matière organique, etc. Un chapitre traite de la culture. les simulations système et à long terme et le dernier chapitre traite de l'implication de l'utilisateur en termes de choix d'options et de paramétrage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>Les formalisations du modèle STICS, présentées dans cet ouvrage, peuvent être considérées comme des références en sciences végétales. Elles seront très utiles aux professionnels et étudiants dans la compréhension des systèmes agronomiques complexes.</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1 Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.1 Purpose&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.2 Overall description of the system with its components&lt;br /&gt;1.2.1 The system&lt;br /&gt;1.2.2 Simulated processes&lt;br /&gt;1.2.3 Modules and options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2 Development&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.1 The simulated events&lt;br /&gt;2.1.1 Phenological stages&lt;br /&gt;2.1.2 Leaf development&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.2 Emergence and initiation of crop development and growth&lt;br /&gt;2.2.1 Emergence of sown crops&lt;br /&gt;2.2.2 Onset of crop development and growth after planting&lt;br /&gt;2.2.3 Onset of crop development and growth in perennial plants&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.3 Above-ground development&lt;br /&gt;2.3.1 Time scale&lt;br /&gt;2.3.2 Positive effect of temperature&lt;br /&gt;2.3.3 Effect of photoperiod&lt;br /&gt;2.3.4 Cold requirements&lt;br /&gt;2.3.5 Effect of stress&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3 Shoot growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;3.1 Leaf dynamics&lt;br /&gt;3.1.1 Leaf area growth&lt;br /&gt;3.1.2 Senescence&lt;br /&gt;3.1.3 Photosynthetic function of storage organs&lt;br /&gt;3.1.4 Use of ground cover instead of the leaf area index&lt;br /&gt;3.1.5 Number of leaves&lt;br /&gt;3.1.6 Green leaf specific area&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.2 Radiation interception&lt;br /&gt;3.2.1 Beer&amp;#39;s law and calculation of height&lt;br /&gt;3.2.2 Radiation transfers and plant shape&lt;br /&gt;3.3 Shoot biomass growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.3.1 Influence of radiation and phasic development&lt;br /&gt;3.3.2 Effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration&lt;br /&gt;3.3.3 Remobilisation of reserves&lt;br /&gt;3.3.4 Calculation of the source/sink ratio&lt;br /&gt;3.3.5 Height-biomass conversion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.4 Stress indices&lt;br /&gt;3.4.1 Water deficiency&lt;br /&gt;3.4.2 Nitrogen deficiency&lt;br /&gt;3.4.3 Trophic stress&lt;br /&gt;3.4.4 Temperature stresses&lt;br /&gt;3.4.5 Waterlogging&lt;br /&gt;3.4.6 Stresses directly linked to the soil structure&lt;br /&gt;3.4.7 Interactions between stresses&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.5 Partitioning of biomass in organs&lt;br /&gt;3.5.1 Organs and compartments identified.&lt;br /&gt;3.5.2 Dimensioning of organs&lt;br /&gt;3.5.3 Harvested organs&lt;br /&gt;3.5.4 Reserves&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4 Yield formation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;4.1 For determinate growing plants&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.2 For indeterminate growing plants&lt;br /&gt;4.2.1 Fruit setting&lt;br /&gt;4.2.2 Fruit filling&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.3 Quality&lt;br /&gt;4.3.1 Water content of organs&lt;br /&gt;4.3.2 Biochemical composition&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5 Root growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;5.1 Root front growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.2 Growth in root density&lt;br /&gt;5.2.1 Standard profile&lt;br /&gt;5.2.2 True density&lt;br /&gt;5.2.3 Comparison of the two kinds of density profiles&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6 Management and crop environment&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;6.1 Effects on plants&lt;br /&gt;6.1.1 Planting design&lt;br /&gt;6.1.2 Simulation of the decision to sow&lt;br /&gt;6.1.3 Yield regulation&lt;br /&gt;6.1.4 Harvest&lt;br /&gt;6.1.5 Pruning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.2 Soil water supply&lt;br /&gt;6.2.1 Irrigation&lt;br /&gt;6.2.2 Interception of water by foliage&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.3 Net nitrogen supply&lt;br /&gt;6.3.1 N inputs from rain and irrigation&lt;br /&gt;6.3.2 N inputs from mineral fertilisers&lt;br /&gt;6.3.3 N inputs from organic residues&lt;br /&gt;6.3.4 Crop residues for the following crop&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.4 Physical soil surface conditions&lt;br /&gt;6.4.1 Quantity of plant mulch and proportion of soil cover&lt;br /&gt;6.4.2 Surface run-off&lt;br /&gt;6.4.3 Modification to water balance induced by the mulch&lt;br /&gt;6.4.4 Modification of crop and soil temperatures by the presence of a mulch&lt;br /&gt;6.4.5 Influence of soil crusting on emergence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.5 Soil structure modification&lt;br /&gt;6.5.1 The soil structure in STICS&lt;br /&gt;6.5.2 Compaction as influenced by sowing and harvesting machines&lt;br /&gt;6.5.3 Fragmentation under the effects of soil tillage implements&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.6 Microclimate&lt;br /&gt;6.6.1 Calculation of net radiation&lt;br /&gt;6.6.2 Calculation of crop temperature&lt;br /&gt;6.6.3 Calculation of the canopy moisture&lt;br /&gt;6.6.4 Estimation of microclimate under shelter&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7 Water Balance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;7.1 Soil evaporation&lt;br /&gt;7.1.1 Potential evaporation&lt;br /&gt;7.1.2 Actual evaporation&lt;br /&gt;7.1.3 Distribution in the soil profile&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7.2 Plant water requirements&lt;br /&gt;7.2.1 The crop coefficient approach&lt;br /&gt;7.2.2 The resistance approach&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7.3 Plant transpiration and derived stresses&lt;br /&gt;7.3.1 Actual transpiration&lt;br /&gt;7.3.2 Extrapolation to the water stress turgor index&lt;br /&gt;7.3.3 Distribution of root water extraction within the profile&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8 Nitrogen transformations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.1 Mineralization of soil organic matter&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.2 Mineralization of organic residues&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.3 Nitrification&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.4 Ammonia volatilization&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.5 Denitrification&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.6 Nitrogen uptake by plants and plant nitrogen status&lt;br /&gt;8.6.1 The dilution curves&lt;br /&gt;8.6.2 The N supply from the soil&lt;br /&gt;8.6.3 The N uptake capacity&lt;br /&gt;8.6.4 The actual N uptake&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.7 Nitrogen fixation by legumes&lt;br /&gt;8.7.1 The potential N2 fixation&lt;br /&gt;8.7.2 The actual N2 fixation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9 Transfers of heat, water and nitrates&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;9.1 Soil temperature&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9.2 Transfers of water and nitrates in undrained soil&lt;br /&gt;9.2.1 Soil compartmentation&lt;br /&gt;9.2.2 Soil microporosity: basis for calculating water and nitrogen transfer values&lt;br /&gt;9.2.3 Pebbles&lt;br /&gt;9.2.4 Macroporosity and cracks&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9.3 Case of drained soil&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9.4 Integrated calculations of soil status&lt;br /&gt;9.4.1 Water and nitrogen reserves&lt;br /&gt;9.4.2 Water and nitrogen balances&lt;br /&gt;9.4.3 Predawn plant water potential&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10 Cropping systems&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;10.1 The notion of a Unit of SiMulation (USM)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10.2 Long term simulations&lt;br /&gt;10.2.1 Monocrop vs rotations&lt;br /&gt;10.2.2 The particular case of crop residues&lt;br /&gt;10.2.3 Examples of long term simulations&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10.3 Intercropping&lt;br /&gt;10.3.1 Representation of the intercropping system&lt;br /&gt;10.3.2 The radiation intercepted by the two crops&lt;br /&gt;10.3.3 Energy budget and microclimate&lt;br /&gt;10.3.4 Leaf growth of the understorey crop&lt;br /&gt;10.3.5 Root profiles&lt;br /&gt;10.3.6 Simulation examples&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;11 Involvement of the user in the model operation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.1 Driving options&lt;br /&gt;11.1.1 Regular weather driving variables&lt;br /&gt;11.1.2 Driving the model by weather data for high altitude climates&lt;br /&gt;11.1.3 Driving the model by observed stages&lt;br /&gt;11.1.4 Driving the model by the LAI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.2 Simulation options&lt;br /&gt;11.2.1 Water or nitrogen stress activation or deactivation&lt;br /&gt;11.2.2 Smoothing of initial profiles&lt;br /&gt;11.2.3 Long term simulations (see $ 10.2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.3 Formalisation options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.4 Parameterization&lt;br /&gt;11.4.1 Plant parameterization&lt;br /&gt;11.4.2 Soil parameterization&lt;br /&gt;11.4.3 Crop management parameterization&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;12 References&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13 Figure list&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14 Table list&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15 Definitions of symbols&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16 Index of parameters and variables&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <BiographicalNote>&lt;p&gt;Nadine Brisson is a crop scientist, working at INRA. She is at the origin of STICS and has a large experience in crop modelling built, for twenty years, from various approaches, issues and crops. She is involved in programs where the model is used in various ways as a heuristic, prospective or experimental tool. She is head of the INRA agroclimatic service.&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <BiographicalNote>&lt;p&gt;Marie Launay is a crop scientist, working at INRA. She is responsible for STICS agrophysiology and is particularly involved in STICS adaptation to new crops. She is in charge of training and communication about the model. She is now at the head of the research project on biotic stress formalizations into the crop model.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <BiographicalNote>&lt;p&gt;Bruno Mary is a senior scientist, working at INRA. He developed the STICS modules devoted to the crop and soil nitrogen balance. For almost thirty years, he has been studying soil C and N cycles by associating experimental and modelling approaches, either with mechanistic or functional models. He collaborates in several programs concerning C and N storage, N gaseous emissions and N mineralization, in various agro-ecosystems&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;This Print On Demand book will be sent within 3 weeks (metropolitan France) and in a separate package if you order another paperback book.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cet ouvrage en impression à la demande sera envoyé sous 3 semaines environ (France métropolitaine) et dans un colis séparé en cas de commande avec un autre livre papier.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le modèle de culture STICS est développé à l'INRA depuis 1996 en collaboration avec d'autres centres de recherche et instituts techniques. Ce modèle synthétise, illustre et concrétise une part importante des connaissances agronomiques françaises, comme un point de vue sur la parcelle et le fonctionnement des systèmes de culture. Les formalisations du modèle STICS présentées dans cet ouvrage peuvent être considérées comme des références en agrophysiologie. L'ouvrage est structuré selon la façon dont le modèle conçoit le fonctionnement du système sol-culture. Chaque chapitre est consacré à un ensemble important de fonctions telles que le démarrage en croissance, la mise en place des composantes du rendement, la consommation en eau, la transformation de la matière organique etc. L'un des chapitres traite de la problématique des systèmes de culture et des simulations à long terme. Le dernier chapitre aborde l'implication de l'utilisateur en termes de choix d'options et de paramétrisation. Cet ouvrage est principalement destiné aux scientifiques qui utilisent le modèle STICS mais il intéressera également les agronomes, les modélisateurs de cultures, étudiants et techniciens à la recherche de formalisations élémentaires du fonctionnement du système culture-sol.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;This Print On Demand book will be sent within 3 weeks (metropolitan France) and in a separate package if you order another paperback book.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;Le modèle de culture STICS est développé depuis 1996 à l'INRA en collaboration avec d'autres instituts de recherche et techniques. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;Le modèle synthétise, illustre et concrétise une part importante du savoir agronomique français comme point de vue sur le fonctionnement des champs et des systèmes de culture. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;Les formalisations du modèle de culture STICS présentées dans cet ouvrage peuvent être considérées comme des références utilisées dans le cadre des sciences des cultures. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;L'arrangement du livre repose sur la manière dont le modèle conçoit le fonctionnement du système culture-sol, chaque chapitre étant consacré à un ensemble de fonctions importantes telles que l'initiation de la croissance, le début du rendement, l'absorption d'eau, la transformation de la matière organique, etc. Un chapitre traite de la culture. les simulations système et à long terme et le dernier chapitre traite de l'implication de l'utilisateur en termes de choix d'options et de paramétrage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>Les formalisations du modèle STICS, présentées dans cet ouvrage, peuvent être considérées comme des références en sciences végétales. Elles seront très utiles aux professionnels et étudiants dans la compréhension des systèmes agronomiques complexes.</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1 Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.1 Purpose&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.2 Overall description of the system with its components&lt;br /&gt;1.2.1 The system&lt;br /&gt;1.2.2 Simulated processes&lt;br /&gt;1.2.3 Modules and options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2 Development&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.1 The simulated events&lt;br /&gt;2.1.1 Phenological stages&lt;br /&gt;2.1.2 Leaf development&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.2 Emergence and initiation of crop development and growth&lt;br /&gt;2.2.1 Emergence of sown crops&lt;br /&gt;2.2.2 Onset of crop development and growth after planting&lt;br /&gt;2.2.3 Onset of crop development and growth in perennial plants&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.3 Above-ground development&lt;br /&gt;2.3.1 Time scale&lt;br /&gt;2.3.2 Positive effect of temperature&lt;br /&gt;2.3.3 Effect of photoperiod&lt;br /&gt;2.3.4 Cold requirements&lt;br /&gt;2.3.5 Effect of stress&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3 Shoot growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;3.1 Leaf dynamics&lt;br /&gt;3.1.1 Leaf area growth&lt;br /&gt;3.1.2 Senescence&lt;br /&gt;3.1.3 Photosynthetic function of storage organs&lt;br /&gt;3.1.4 Use of ground cover instead of the leaf area index&lt;br /&gt;3.1.5 Number of leaves&lt;br /&gt;3.1.6 Green leaf specific area&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.2 Radiation interception&lt;br /&gt;3.2.1 Beer&amp;#39;s law and calculation of height&lt;br /&gt;3.2.2 Radiation transfers and plant shape&lt;br /&gt;3.3 Shoot biomass growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.3.1 Influence of radiation and phasic development&lt;br /&gt;3.3.2 Effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration&lt;br /&gt;3.3.3 Remobilisation of reserves&lt;br /&gt;3.3.4 Calculation of the source/sink ratio&lt;br /&gt;3.3.5 Height-biomass conversion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.4 Stress indices&lt;br /&gt;3.4.1 Water deficiency&lt;br /&gt;3.4.2 Nitrogen deficiency&lt;br /&gt;3.4.3 Trophic stress&lt;br /&gt;3.4.4 Temperature stresses&lt;br /&gt;3.4.5 Waterlogging&lt;br /&gt;3.4.6 Stresses directly linked to the soil structure&lt;br /&gt;3.4.7 Interactions between stresses&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.5 Partitioning of biomass in organs&lt;br /&gt;3.5.1 Organs and compartments identified.&lt;br /&gt;3.5.2 Dimensioning of organs&lt;br /&gt;3.5.3 Harvested organs&lt;br /&gt;3.5.4 Reserves&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4 Yield formation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;4.1 For determinate growing plants&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.2 For indeterminate growing plants&lt;br /&gt;4.2.1 Fruit setting&lt;br /&gt;4.2.2 Fruit filling&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.3 Quality&lt;br /&gt;4.3.1 Water content of organs&lt;br /&gt;4.3.2 Biochemical composition&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5 Root growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;5.1 Root front growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.2 Growth in root density&lt;br /&gt;5.2.1 Standard profile&lt;br /&gt;5.2.2 True density&lt;br /&gt;5.2.3 Comparison of the two kinds of density profiles&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6 Management and crop environment&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;6.1 Effects on plants&lt;br /&gt;6.1.1 Planting design&lt;br /&gt;6.1.2 Simulation of the decision to sow&lt;br /&gt;6.1.3 Yield regulation&lt;br /&gt;6.1.4 Harvest&lt;br /&gt;6.1.5 Pruning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.2 Soil water supply&lt;br /&gt;6.2.1 Irrigation&lt;br /&gt;6.2.2 Interception of water by foliage&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.3 Net nitrogen supply&lt;br /&gt;6.3.1 N inputs from rain and irrigation&lt;br /&gt;6.3.2 N inputs from mineral fertilisers&lt;br /&gt;6.3.3 N inputs from organic residues&lt;br /&gt;6.3.4 Crop residues for the following crop&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.4 Physical soil surface conditions&lt;br /&gt;6.4.1 Quantity of plant mulch and proportion of soil cover&lt;br /&gt;6.4.2 Surface run-off&lt;br /&gt;6.4.3 Modification to water balance induced by the mulch&lt;br /&gt;6.4.4 Modification of crop and soil temperatures by the presence of a mulch&lt;br /&gt;6.4.5 Influence of soil crusting on emergence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.5 Soil structure modification&lt;br /&gt;6.5.1 The soil structure in STICS&lt;br /&gt;6.5.2 Compaction as influenced by sowing and harvesting machines&lt;br /&gt;6.5.3 Fragmentation under the effects of soil tillage implements&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.6 Microclimate&lt;br /&gt;6.6.1 Calculation of net radiation&lt;br /&gt;6.6.2 Calculation of crop temperature&lt;br /&gt;6.6.3 Calculation of the canopy moisture&lt;br /&gt;6.6.4 Estimation of microclimate under shelter&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7 Water Balance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;7.1 Soil evaporation&lt;br /&gt;7.1.1 Potential evaporation&lt;br /&gt;7.1.2 Actual evaporation&lt;br /&gt;7.1.3 Distribution in the soil profile&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7.2 Plant water requirements&lt;br /&gt;7.2.1 The crop coefficient approach&lt;br /&gt;7.2.2 The resistance approach&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7.3 Plant transpiration and derived stresses&lt;br /&gt;7.3.1 Actual transpiration&lt;br /&gt;7.3.2 Extrapolation to the water stress turgor index&lt;br /&gt;7.3.3 Distribution of root water extraction within the profile&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8 Nitrogen transformations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.1 Mineralization of soil organic matter&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.2 Mineralization of organic residues&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.3 Nitrification&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.4 Ammonia volatilization&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.5 Denitrification&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.6 Nitrogen uptake by plants and plant nitrogen status&lt;br /&gt;8.6.1 The dilution curves&lt;br /&gt;8.6.2 The N supply from the soil&lt;br /&gt;8.6.3 The N uptake capacity&lt;br /&gt;8.6.4 The actual N uptake&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.7 Nitrogen fixation by legumes&lt;br /&gt;8.7.1 The potential N2 fixation&lt;br /&gt;8.7.2 The actual N2 fixation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9 Transfers of heat, water and nitrates&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;9.1 Soil temperature&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9.2 Transfers of water and nitrates in undrained soil&lt;br /&gt;9.2.1 Soil compartmentation&lt;br /&gt;9.2.2 Soil microporosity: basis for calculating water and nitrogen transfer values&lt;br /&gt;9.2.3 Pebbles&lt;br /&gt;9.2.4 Macroporosity and cracks&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9.3 Case of drained soil&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9.4 Integrated calculations of soil status&lt;br /&gt;9.4.1 Water and nitrogen reserves&lt;br /&gt;9.4.2 Water and nitrogen balances&lt;br /&gt;9.4.3 Predawn plant water potential&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10 Cropping systems&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;10.1 The notion of a Unit of SiMulation (USM)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10.2 Long term simulations&lt;br /&gt;10.2.1 Monocrop vs rotations&lt;br /&gt;10.2.2 The particular case of crop residues&lt;br /&gt;10.2.3 Examples of long term simulations&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10.3 Intercropping&lt;br /&gt;10.3.1 Representation of the intercropping system&lt;br /&gt;10.3.2 The radiation intercepted by the two crops&lt;br /&gt;10.3.3 Energy budget and microclimate&lt;br /&gt;10.3.4 Leaf growth of the understorey crop&lt;br /&gt;10.3.5 Root profiles&lt;br /&gt;10.3.6 Simulation examples&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;11 Involvement of the user in the model operation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.1 Driving options&lt;br /&gt;11.1.1 Regular weather driving variables&lt;br /&gt;11.1.2 Driving the model by weather data for high altitude climates&lt;br /&gt;11.1.3 Driving the model by observed stages&lt;br /&gt;11.1.4 Driving the model by the LAI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.2 Simulation options&lt;br /&gt;11.2.1 Water or nitrogen stress activation or deactivation&lt;br /&gt;11.2.2 Smoothing of initial profiles&lt;br /&gt;11.2.3 Long term simulations (see $ 10.2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.3 Formalisation options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.4 Parameterization&lt;br /&gt;11.4.1 Plant parameterization&lt;br /&gt;11.4.2 Soil parameterization&lt;br /&gt;11.4.3 Crop management parameterization&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;12 References&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13 Figure list&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14 Table list&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15 Definitions of symbols&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16 Index of parameters and variables&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <BiographicalNote>&lt;p&gt;Nadine Brisson is a crop scientist, working at INRA. She is at the origin of STICS and has a large experience in crop modelling built, for twenty years, from various approaches, issues and crops. She is involved in programs where the model is used in various ways as a heuristic, prospective or experimental tool. She is head of the INRA agroclimatic service.&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <BiographicalNote>&lt;p&gt;Marie Launay is a crop scientist, working at INRA. She is responsible for STICS agrophysiology and is particularly involved in STICS adaptation to new crops. She is in charge of training and communication about the model. She is now at the head of the research project on biotic stress formalizations into the crop model.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <BiographicalNote>&lt;p&gt;Bruno Mary is a senior scientist, working at INRA. He developed the STICS modules devoted to the crop and soil nitrogen balance. For almost thirty years, he has been studying soil C and N cycles by associating experimental and modelling approaches, either with mechanistic or functional models. He collaborates in several programs concerning C and N storage, N gaseous emissions and N mineralization, in various agro-ecosystems&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;This Print On Demand book will be sent within 3 weeks (metropolitan France) and in a separate package if you order another paperback book.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cet ouvrage en impression à la demande sera envoyé sous 3 semaines environ (France métropolitaine) et dans un colis séparé en cas de commande avec un autre livre papier.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le modèle de culture STICS est développé à l'INRA depuis 1996 en collaboration avec d'autres centres de recherche et instituts techniques. Ce modèle synthétise, illustre et concrétise une part importante des connaissances agronomiques françaises, comme un point de vue sur la parcelle et le fonctionnement des systèmes de culture. Les formalisations du modèle STICS présentées dans cet ouvrage peuvent être considérées comme des références en agrophysiologie. L'ouvrage est structuré selon la façon dont le modèle conçoit le fonctionnement du système sol-culture. Chaque chapitre est consacré à un ensemble important de fonctions telles que le démarrage en croissance, la mise en place des composantes du rendement, la consommation en eau, la transformation de la matière organique etc. L'un des chapitres traite de la problématique des systèmes de culture et des simulations à long terme. Le dernier chapitre aborde l'implication de l'utilisateur en termes de choix d'options et de paramétrisation. Cet ouvrage est principalement destiné aux scientifiques qui utilisent le modèle STICS mais il intéressera également les agronomes, les modélisateurs de cultures, étudiants et techniciens à la recherche de formalisations élémentaires du fonctionnement du système culture-sol.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;This Print On Demand book will be sent within 3 weeks (metropolitan France) and in a separate package if you order another paperback book.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;Le modèle de culture STICS est développé depuis 1996 à l'INRA en collaboration avec d'autres instituts de recherche et techniques. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;Le modèle synthétise, illustre et concrétise une part importante du savoir agronomique français comme point de vue sur le fonctionnement des champs et des systèmes de culture. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;Les formalisations du modèle de culture STICS présentées dans cet ouvrage peuvent être considérées comme des références utilisées dans le cadre des sciences des cultures. &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font style="vertical-align: inherit;"&gt;L'arrangement du livre repose sur la manière dont le modèle conçoit le fonctionnement du système culture-sol, chaque chapitre étant consacré à un ensemble de fonctions importantes telles que l'initiation de la croissance, le début du rendement, l'absorption d'eau, la transformation de la matière organique, etc. Un chapitre traite de la culture. les simulations système et à long terme et le dernier chapitre traite de l'implication de l'utilisateur en termes de choix d'options et de paramétrage.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1 Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.1 Purpose&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.2 Overall description of the system with its components&lt;br /&gt;1.2.1 The system&lt;br /&gt;1.2.2 Simulated processes&lt;br /&gt;1.2.3 Modules and options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2 Development&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.1 The simulated events&lt;br /&gt;2.1.1 Phenological stages&lt;br /&gt;2.1.2 Leaf development&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.2 Emergence and initiation of crop development and growth&lt;br /&gt;2.2.1 Emergence of sown crops&lt;br /&gt;2.2.2 Onset of crop development and growth after planting&lt;br /&gt;2.2.3 Onset of crop development and growth in perennial plants&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.3 Above-ground development&lt;br /&gt;2.3.1 Time scale&lt;br /&gt;2.3.2 Positive effect of temperature&lt;br /&gt;2.3.3 Effect of photoperiod&lt;br /&gt;2.3.4 Cold requirements&lt;br /&gt;2.3.5 Effect of stress&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3 Shoot growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;3.1 Leaf dynamics&lt;br /&gt;3.1.1 Leaf area growth&lt;br /&gt;3.1.2 Senescence&lt;br /&gt;3.1.3 Photosynthetic function of storage organs&lt;br /&gt;3.1.4 Use of ground cover instead of the leaf area index&lt;br /&gt;3.1.5 Number of leaves&lt;br /&gt;3.1.6 Green leaf specific area&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.2 Radiation interception&lt;br /&gt;3.2.1 Beer&amp;#39;s law and calculation of height&lt;br /&gt;3.2.2 Radiation transfers and plant shape&lt;br /&gt;3.3 Shoot biomass growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.3.1 Influence of radiation and phasic development&lt;br /&gt;3.3.2 Effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration&lt;br /&gt;3.3.3 Remobilisation of reserves&lt;br /&gt;3.3.4 Calculation of the source/sink ratio&lt;br /&gt;3.3.5 Height-biomass conversion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.4 Stress indices&lt;br /&gt;3.4.1 Water deficiency&lt;br /&gt;3.4.2 Nitrogen deficiency&lt;br /&gt;3.4.3 Trophic stress&lt;br /&gt;3.4.4 Temperature stresses&lt;br /&gt;3.4.5 Waterlogging&lt;br /&gt;3.4.6 Stresses directly linked to the soil structure&lt;br /&gt;3.4.7 Interactions between stresses&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.5 Partitioning of biomass in organs&lt;br /&gt;3.5.1 Organs and compartments identified.&lt;br /&gt;3.5.2 Dimensioning of organs&lt;br /&gt;3.5.3 Harvested organs&lt;br /&gt;3.5.4 Reserves&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4 Yield formation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;4.1 For determinate growing plants&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.2 For indeterminate growing plants&lt;br /&gt;4.2.1 Fruit setting&lt;br /&gt;4.2.2 Fruit filling&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.3 Quality&lt;br /&gt;4.3.1 Water content of organs&lt;br /&gt;4.3.2 Biochemical composition&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5 Root growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;5.1 Root front growth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.2 Growth in root density&lt;br /&gt;5.2.1 Standard profile&lt;br /&gt;5.2.2 True density&lt;br /&gt;5.2.3 Comparison of the two kinds of density profiles&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6 Management and crop environment&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;6.1 Effects on plants&lt;br /&gt;6.1.1 Planting design&lt;br /&gt;6.1.2 Simulation of the decision to sow&lt;br /&gt;6.1.3 Yield regulation&lt;br /&gt;6.1.4 Harvest&lt;br /&gt;6.1.5 Pruning&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.2 Soil water supply&lt;br /&gt;6.2.1 Irrigation&lt;br /&gt;6.2.2 Interception of water by foliage&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.3 Net nitrogen supply&lt;br /&gt;6.3.1 N inputs from rain and irrigation&lt;br /&gt;6.3.2 N inputs from mineral fertilisers&lt;br /&gt;6.3.3 N inputs from organic residues&lt;br /&gt;6.3.4 Crop residues for the following crop&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.4 Physical soil surface conditions&lt;br /&gt;6.4.1 Quantity of plant mulch and proportion of soil cover&lt;br /&gt;6.4.2 Surface run-off&lt;br /&gt;6.4.3 Modification to water balance induced by the mulch&lt;br /&gt;6.4.4 Modification of crop and soil temperatures by the presence of a mulch&lt;br /&gt;6.4.5 Influence of soil crusting on emergence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.5 Soil structure modification&lt;br /&gt;6.5.1 The soil structure in STICS&lt;br /&gt;6.5.2 Compaction as influenced by sowing and harvesting machines&lt;br /&gt;6.5.3 Fragmentation under the effects of soil tillage implements&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.6 Microclimate&lt;br /&gt;6.6.1 Calculation of net radiation&lt;br /&gt;6.6.2 Calculation of crop temperature&lt;br /&gt;6.6.3 Calculation of the canopy moisture&lt;br /&gt;6.6.4 Estimation of microclimate under shelter&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7 Water Balance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;7.1 Soil evaporation&lt;br /&gt;7.1.1 Potential evaporation&lt;br /&gt;7.1.2 Actual evaporation&lt;br /&gt;7.1.3 Distribution in the soil profile&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7.2 Plant water requirements&lt;br /&gt;7.2.1 The crop coefficient approach&lt;br /&gt;7.2.2 The resistance approach&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7.3 Plant transpiration and derived stresses&lt;br /&gt;7.3.1 Actual transpiration&lt;br /&gt;7.3.2 Extrapolation to the water stress turgor index&lt;br /&gt;7.3.3 Distribution of root water extraction within the profile&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8 Nitrogen transformations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.1 Mineralization of soil organic matter&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.2 Mineralization of organic residues&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.3 Nitrification&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.4 Ammonia volatilization&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.5 Denitrification&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.6 Nitrogen uptake by plants and plant nitrogen status&lt;br /&gt;8.6.1 The dilution curves&lt;br /&gt;8.6.2 The N supply from the soil&lt;br /&gt;8.6.3 The N uptake capacity&lt;br /&gt;8.6.4 The actual N uptake&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8.7 Nitrogen fixation by legumes&lt;br /&gt;8.7.1 The potential N2 fixation&lt;br /&gt;8.7.2 The actual N2 fixation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9 Transfers of heat, water and nitrates&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;9.1 Soil temperature&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9.2 Transfers of water and nitrates in undrained soil&lt;br /&gt;9.2.1 Soil compartmentation&lt;br /&gt;9.2.2 Soil microporosity: basis for calculating water and nitrogen transfer values&lt;br /&gt;9.2.3 Pebbles&lt;br /&gt;9.2.4 Macroporosity and cracks&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9.3 Case of drained soil&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9.4 Integrated calculations of soil status&lt;br /&gt;9.4.1 Water and nitrogen reserves&lt;br /&gt;9.4.2 Water and nitrogen balances&lt;br /&gt;9.4.3 Predawn plant water potential&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10 Cropping systems&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;10.1 The notion of a Unit of SiMulation (USM)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10.2 Long term simulations&lt;br /&gt;10.2.1 Monocrop vs rotations&lt;br /&gt;10.2.2 The particular case of crop residues&lt;br /&gt;10.2.3 Examples of long term simulations&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10.3 Intercropping&lt;br /&gt;10.3.1 Representation of the intercropping system&lt;br /&gt;10.3.2 The radiation intercepted by the two crops&lt;br /&gt;10.3.3 Energy budget and microclimate&lt;br /&gt;10.3.4 Leaf growth of the understorey crop&lt;br /&gt;10.3.5 Root profiles&lt;br /&gt;10.3.6 Simulation examples&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;11 Involvement of the user in the model operation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.1 Driving options&lt;br /&gt;11.1.1 Regular weather driving variables&lt;br /&gt;11.1.2 Driving the model by weather data for high altitude climates&lt;br /&gt;11.1.3 Driving the model by observed stages&lt;br /&gt;11.1.4 Driving the model by the LAI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.2 Simulation options&lt;br /&gt;11.2.1 Water or nitrogen stress activation or deactivation&lt;br /&gt;11.2.2 Smoothing of initial profiles&lt;br /&gt;11.2.3 Long term simulations (see $ 10.2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.3 Formalisation options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11.4 Parameterization&lt;br /&gt;11.4.1 Plant parameterization&lt;br /&gt;11.4.2 Soil parameterization&lt;br /&gt;11.4.3 Crop management parameterization&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;12 References&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13 Figure list&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14 Table list&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15 Definitions of symbols&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16 Index of parameters and variables&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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