Quae
1775446419
20260406
fre
www.quae.com-002039
03
01
01
002039
03
9782759200542
15
9782759200542
00
BA
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905
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02
10
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Synthèses
Ouvrages scientifiques et techniques de référence destinés à l’enseignement supérieur, aux scientifiques et aux ingénieurs. Ils sont traités, dirigés ou rédigés par des spécialistes reconnus du domaine, et font le tour d’un sujet donné.
01
01
Summer mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
The Morest Project
1
B01
01
A415
Jean-François Samain
Samain, Jean-François
Jean-François
Samain
<p>Jean-François Samain, PhD Biochemistry and Enzymology (University of Orsay, Paris) and Docteur Es Sciences Biological Oceanography (University of Brest), began his scientific career in marine ecology and then focused on functional physiology of cultivated mollusk species at Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea). In 2000, he became director and coordinator of Morest, a multidisciplinary network created to investigate the origins of Crassostrea gigas summer mortality from the molecular to the ecosystem level.</p><div><br></div>
2
B01
01
A1397
Helen McCombie
McCombie, Helen
Helen
McCombie
<p>Helen McCombie, PhD Biological Sciences (University of Exeter), combines research work in the life and environmental sciences with scientific editing and translation, fields in which she has over ten years experience. She has a strong interest in interdisciplinary collaboration and has participated in several European projects on the improvement of bivalve aquaculture.</p>
1
01
eng
00
400
03
01
24
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halieutique;reproduction;écosystème;huître;développement durable;pâturage;stress
10
2011
SCI052000
01
639.4
01
639.8
03
00
<p>Mass oyster mortalities have been known for many years throughout the world, but no strictly pathological explication has been found. This book describes how environmental influences, reproduction, stress, genetics, pathogens and temperature contribute to oyster summer mortality in France. An interaction model is derived from the results and recommendations are made for forecasting and managing risk factors.</p><p> </p><b>The French version of this book, <i><a href="https://www.quae.com/produit/938/9782759213962/mortalites-estivales-de-l-huitre-creuse-crassostrea-gigas" target="_blank">Mortalités estivales de l'huitre creuse Crassostrea gigas</a></i>, is available on our website.</b><p></p><p><b>La version française de ce titre, <i><a href="https://www.quae.com/produit/938/9782759213962/mortalites-estivales-de-l-huitre-creuse-crassostrea-gigas" target="_blank">Mortalités estivales de l'huitre creuse Crassostrea gigas</a></i> est disponible sur notre site.</b></p>
02
00
Cet ouvrage décrit comment l'environnement, la reproduction, le stress, la génétique, les pathogènes et la température conduisent aux mortalités estivales en France. Des recommandations sont données pour prévoir et gérer les risques.
04
00
<div><strong>Acknowledgements<br /><br /></strong></div><div> </div><div><strong>Preface<br /><br /></strong></div><div> </div><div><strong>I. Evaluation of summer mortality risk factors in shellfish farming ecosystems</strong></div><div>Introduction</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Monitoring bivalve mortalities at the national level</div><div>A historical analysis of oyster mortalities in France</div><div>Mortalities in the Morest study sites</div><div>Objectives of chapter 1</div></blockquote><div>The thermal risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Thermal characteristics of the study sites</div><div>Thermal dynamics and mortalities</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>The pluviometric risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Pluviometric results at the national scale</div><div>Pluviometric results at the Morest study sites</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>The trophic risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Relationship between mortality and trophic resources (quantitative aspect)</div><div>Relationship between mortality and trophic resources (qualitative aspect)</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>The sediment risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>The sedimentary risk in the study sites</div><div>Studies on the chemistry of the sediment in the study sites</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>Discussion–conclusion</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Spatial and temporal variability of the environmental risks under study</div><div>The thermal risk</div><div>The pluviometric risk</div><div>The trophic risk</div><div>The sedimentary risk</div><div>Analysis of a combined environmental risk<br /> </div></blockquote><div><strong>2. Mortality risks associated with physiological traits of oysters during reproduction</strong></div><div>Introduction</div><div>Materials and methods</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Experiments performed under controlled conditions</div><div>Field experiments</div><div>Live material</div><div>Analytical methods</div></blockquote><div>Gametogenesis, nutrition and mortalities</div><div>Metabolic needs in summer</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Evolution in metabolic needs with changes in temperature</div><div>Evolution of metabolic needs during gametogenesis</div></blockquote><div>The use of reserves over the summer period</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Use of reserves at different temperatures</div><div>The use of reserves depending on the intensity of gametogenesis</div><div>The effect of age on use of reserves</div><div>Annual variation in glycogen enzymes</div><div>Reserves and mortality</div><div>Conclusions on reserve utilization</div></blockquote><div>Nutrition and energy balance during summer</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Analysis in controlled conditions</div><div>Field studies</div><div>Modeling energetic fluxes over gametogenesis</div></blockquote><div>Immune deficiency in summer</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Oyster hemocytes: multipurpose cells</div><div>Hemocyte parameters and temperature</div><div>Hemocyte parameters and reproduction</div></blockquote><div>General conclusion<br /> </div><div><strong>3. Oyster summer mortality risks associated with environmental stress</strong></div><div>Introduction</div><div>Experimental stress studies</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Effect of hypoxia</div><div>Effect of pesticides</div></blockquote><div>Sources of disturbance and environmental stress examined with the ‘bottom-rack’ comparison model</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Potential sources of toxicity from the sediment</div><div>Potential toxicity sources in water and quality of the nutritional environment</div><div>Relationships between distance from the sediment and stress in oysters in the ‘bottom-rack’ experimental model</div></blockquote><div>Conclusion<br /> </div><div><strong>4. The genetic basis of summer mortality in Pacific oyster spat and potential for improving survival by selective breeding in France<br /></strong></div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div><strong>PART I. Study of the genetic basis of summer mortality resistance in juvenile Pacific oyster <em>Crassostrea gigas</em> over four generations of selection</strong></div><div>Introduction: context and objectives</div><div>First generation: estimation of the genetic basis of spat survival in their first summer in the field</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Materials and methods</div><div>Results from the first generation</div></blockquote><div>Second generation: divergent selection for high and low survival of spat in their first summer in the field</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Materials and methods</div><div>Results</div></blockquote><div>Third generation: repeatability of the response to divergent selection for high or low spat survival in the first summer and expression of the character in triploids</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Production of the G3 batches</div><div>Field study results</div></blockquote><div>Fourth generation: repeatability of response to selection</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>G4 production</div><div>Studies on the G batches</div></blockquote><div>Field survival performances in the second summer period</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Survival of batches that spent two summers in the field</div><div>Survival of batches that spent their first summer in the nursery and their second summer in the field</div></blockquote><div>Laboratory studies of spat survival performance and correlations with field data</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Results of the laboratory experiments</div><div>Comparisons between mortalities in the field and the laboratory</div></blockquote><div>Discussion and prospects for future research</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Genetic basis <em>vs.</em>vertical transmission of a pathogenic agent?</div><div>Why is there so much genetic variation for resistance to summer mortalities in natural populations?</div><div>Prospects for future research<br /> </div></blockquote><div><strong>PART II. Towards Gigas+, a selection program to improve summer survival of the Pacific oyster <em>Crassostrea gigas </em>in France</strong></div><div>A review of the use of selection methods for shellfish improvement worldwide</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Introduction</div><div>The French shellfish industry</div><div>Genetic improvement methods used in France</div><div>Commercial selection programs</div></blockquote><div>Points for the creation of a collaborative selection program to improve oyster summer survival in France: Gigas+</div><blockquot
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https://www.quae.com/produit/1002/9782759215331/summer-mortality-of-pacific-oyster-crassostrea-gigas
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https://www.quae.com/system/product_pictures/data/000/003/290/original/summer-mortality-of-pacific-oyster.jpg
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20241004T234221+0200
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https://www.quae.com/extract/2451/preview
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Summer mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
The Morest Project
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eng
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23562643
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Éditions Quae
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Synthèses
Ouvrages scientifiques et techniques de référence destinés à l’enseignement supérieur, aux scientifiques et aux ingénieurs. Ils sont traités, dirigés ou rédigés par des spécialistes reconnus du domaine, et font le tour d’un sujet donné.
01
01
Summer mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
The Morest Project
1
B01
01
A415
Jean-François Samain
Samain, Jean-François
Jean-François
Samain
<p>Jean-François Samain, PhD Biochemistry and Enzymology (University of Orsay, Paris) and Docteur Es Sciences Biological Oceanography (University of Brest), began his scientific career in marine ecology and then focused on functional physiology of cultivated mollusk species at Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea). In 2000, he became director and coordinator of Morest, a multidisciplinary network created to investigate the origins of Crassostrea gigas summer mortality from the molecular to the ecosystem level.</p><div><br></div>
2
B01
01
A1397
Helen McCombie
McCombie, Helen
Helen
McCombie
<p>Helen McCombie, PhD Biological Sciences (University of Exeter), combines research work in the life and environmental sciences with scientific editing and translation, fields in which she has over ten years experience. She has a strong interest in interdisciplinary collaboration and has participated in several European projects on the improvement of bivalve aquaculture.</p>
1
01
eng
08
400
03
01
24
Izibook:Subject
Offre numérique à 4,99 € - mars 2026
24
Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags
|Offre numérique à 4,99 € - mars 2026|MER ET MILIEU MARIN
23
Izibook:Tags
MER ET MILIEU MARIN
23
Izibook:NewTags
Offre numérique à 4,99 € - mars 2026|MER ET MILIEU MARIN
20
halieutique;reproduction;écosystème;huître;développement durable;pâturage;stress
10
2011
SCI052000
01
639.4
01
639.8
03
00
<p>Mass oyster mortalities have been known for many years throughout the world, but no strictly pathological explication has been found. This book describes how environmental influences, reproduction, stress, genetics, pathogens and temperature contribute to oyster summer mortality in France. An interaction model is derived from the results and recommendations are made for forecasting and managing risk factors.</p><p> </p><b>The French version of this book, <i><a href="https://www.quae.com/produit/938/9782759213962/mortalites-estivales-de-l-huitre-creuse-crassostrea-gigas" target="_blank">Mortalités estivales de l'huitre creuse Crassostrea gigas</a></i>, is available on our website.</b><p></p><p><b>La version française de ce titre, <i><a href="https://www.quae.com/produit/938/9782759213962/mortalites-estivales-de-l-huitre-creuse-crassostrea-gigas" target="_blank">Mortalités estivales de l'huitre creuse Crassostrea gigas</a></i> est disponible sur notre site.</b></p>
02
00
Cet ouvrage décrit comment l'environnement, la reproduction, le stress, la génétique, les pathogènes et la température conduisent aux mortalités estivales en France. Des recommandations sont données pour prévoir et gérer les risques.
04
00
<div><strong>Acknowledgements<br /><br /></strong></div><div> </div><div><strong>Preface<br /><br /></strong></div><div> </div><div><strong>I. Evaluation of summer mortality risk factors in shellfish farming ecosystems</strong></div><div>Introduction</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Monitoring bivalve mortalities at the national level</div><div>A historical analysis of oyster mortalities in France</div><div>Mortalities in the Morest study sites</div><div>Objectives of chapter 1</div></blockquote><div>The thermal risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Thermal characteristics of the study sites</div><div>Thermal dynamics and mortalities</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>The pluviometric risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Pluviometric results at the national scale</div><div>Pluviometric results at the Morest study sites</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>The trophic risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Relationship between mortality and trophic resources (quantitative aspect)</div><div>Relationship between mortality and trophic resources (qualitative aspect)</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>The sediment risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>The sedimentary risk in the study sites</div><div>Studies on the chemistry of the sediment in the study sites</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>Discussion–conclusion</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Spatial and temporal variability of the environmental risks under study</div><div>The thermal risk</div><div>The pluviometric risk</div><div>The trophic risk</div><div>The sedimentary risk</div><div>Analysis of a combined environmental risk<br /> </div></blockquote><div><strong>2. Mortality risks associated with physiological traits of oysters during reproduction</strong></div><div>Introduction</div><div>Materials and methods</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Experiments performed under controlled conditions</div><div>Field experiments</div><div>Live material</div><div>Analytical methods</div></blockquote><div>Gametogenesis, nutrition and mortalities</div><div>Metabolic needs in summer</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Evolution in metabolic needs with changes in temperature</div><div>Evolution of metabolic needs during gametogenesis</div></blockquote><div>The use of reserves over the summer period</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Use of reserves at different temperatures</div><div>The use of reserves depending on the intensity of gametogenesis</div><div>The effect of age on use of reserves</div><div>Annual variation in glycogen enzymes</div><div>Reserves and mortality</div><div>Conclusions on reserve utilization</div></blockquote><div>Nutrition and energy balance during summer</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Analysis in controlled conditions</div><div>Field studies</div><div>Modeling energetic fluxes over gametogenesis</div></blockquote><div>Immune deficiency in summer</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Oyster hemocytes: multipurpose cells</div><div>Hemocyte parameters and temperature</div><div>Hemocyte parameters and reproduction</div></blockquote><div>General conclusion<br /> </div><div><strong>3. Oyster summer mortality risks associated with environmental stress</strong></div><div>Introduction</div><div>Experimental stress studies</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Effect of hypoxia</div><div>Effect of pesticides</div></blockquote><div>Sources of disturbance and environmental stress examined with the ‘bottom-rack’ comparison model</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Potential sources of toxicity from the sediment</div><div>Potential toxicity sources in water and quality of the nutritional environment</div><div>Relationships between distance from the sediment and stress in oysters in the ‘bottom-rack’ experimental model</div></blockquote><div>Conclusion<br /> </div><div><strong>4. The genetic basis of summer mortality in Pacific oyster spat and potential for improving survival by selective breeding in France<br /></strong></div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div><strong>PART I. Study of the genetic basis of summer mortality resistance in juvenile Pacific oyster <em>Crassostrea gigas</em> over four generations of selection</strong></div><div>Introduction: context and objectives</div><div>First generation: estimation of the genetic basis of spat survival in their first summer in the field</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Materials and methods</div><div>Results from the first generation</div></blockquote><div>Second generation: divergent selection for high and low survival of spat in their first summer in the field</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Materials and methods</div><div>Results</div></blockquote><div>Third generation: repeatability of the response to divergent selection for high or low spat survival in the first summer and expression of the character in triploids</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Production of the G3 batches</div><div>Field study results</div></blockquote><div>Fourth generation: repeatability of response to selection</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>G4 production</div><div>Studies on the G batches</div></blockquote><div>Field survival performances in the second summer period</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Survival of batches that spent two summers in the field</div><div>Survival of batches that spent their first summer in the nursery and their second summer in the field</div></blockquote><div>Laboratory studies of spat survival performance and correlations with field data</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Results of the laboratory experiments</div><div>Comparisons between mortalities in the field and the laboratory</div></blockquote><div>Discussion and prospects for future research</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Genetic basis <em>vs.</em>vertical transmission of a pathogenic agent?</div><div>Why is there so much genetic variation for resistance to summer mortalities in natural populations?</div><div>Prospects for future research<br /> </div></blockquote><div><strong>PART II. Towards Gigas+, a selection program to improve summer survival of the Pacific oyster <em>Crassostrea gigas </em>in France</strong></div><div>A review of the use of selection methods for shellfish improvement worldwide</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Introduction</div><div>The French shellfish industry</div><div>Genetic improvement methods used in France</div><div>Commercial selection programs</div></blockquote><div>Points for the creation of a collaborative selection program to improve oyster summer survival in France: Gigas+</div><blockquot
21
00
06
01
https://www.quae.com/produit/1002/9782759215331/summer-mortality-of-pacific-oyster-crassostrea-gigas
01
00
03
02
https://www.quae.com/system/product_pictures/data/000/003/290/original/summer-mortality-of-pacific-oyster.jpg
17
14
20241004T234221+0200
16
00
04
01
https://www.quae.com/extract/2451/preview
01
P4
Éditions Quae
01
01
P4
Éditions Quae
04
01
00
20070730
19
00
20070730
01
WORLD
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03
9782759200542
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9782759200542
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03
9782759200559
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9782759200559
WORLD
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Éditions Quae
04
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00
20070730
03
01
D1
Quae
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04
05
42.99
01
5.50
2.24
EUR
www.quae.com-R001075
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R001075
00
ED
E107
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Summer mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
The Morest Project
01
eng
08
403
03
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33090229
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P4
Éditions Quae
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P4
Éditions Quae
02
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002041
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9782759200559
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9782759200559
03
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D1
Quae
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002041
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Synthèses
Ouvrages scientifiques et techniques de référence destinés à l’enseignement supérieur, aux scientifiques et aux ingénieurs. Ils sont traités, dirigés ou rédigés par des spécialistes reconnus du domaine, et font le tour d’un sujet donné.
01
01
Summer mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
The Morest Project
1
B01
01
A415
Jean-François Samain
Samain, Jean-François
Jean-François
Samain
<p>Jean-François Samain, PhD Biochemistry and Enzymology (University of Orsay, Paris) and Docteur Es Sciences Biological Oceanography (University of Brest), began his scientific career in marine ecology and then focused on functional physiology of cultivated mollusk species at Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea). In 2000, he became director and coordinator of Morest, a multidisciplinary network created to investigate the origins of Crassostrea gigas summer mortality from the molecular to the ecosystem level.</p><div><br></div>
2
B01
01
A1397
Helen McCombie
McCombie, Helen
Helen
McCombie
<p>Helen McCombie, PhD Biological Sciences (University of Exeter), combines research work in the life and environmental sciences with scientific editing and translation, fields in which she has over ten years experience. She has a strong interest in interdisciplinary collaboration and has participated in several European projects on the improvement of bivalve aquaculture.</p>
1
01
eng
08
400
03
01
24
Izibook:Subject
Offre numérique à 4,99 € - mars 2026
24
Izibook:SubjectAndCategoryAndTags
|Offre numérique à 4,99 € - mars 2026|MER ET MILIEU MARIN
23
Izibook:Tags
MER ET MILIEU MARIN
23
Izibook:NewTags
Offre numérique à 4,99 € - mars 2026|MER ET MILIEU MARIN
20
halieutique;reproduction;écosystème;huître;développement durable;pâturage;stress
10
2011
SCI052000
01
639.4
01
639.8
03
00
<p>Mass oyster mortalities have been known for many years throughout the world, but no strictly pathological explication has been found. This book describes how environmental influences, reproduction, stress, genetics, pathogens and temperature contribute to oyster summer mortality in France. An interaction model is derived from the results and recommendations are made for forecasting and managing risk factors.</p><p> </p><b>The French version of this book, <i><a href="https://www.quae.com/produit/938/9782759213962/mortalites-estivales-de-l-huitre-creuse-crassostrea-gigas" target="_blank">Mortalités estivales de l'huitre creuse Crassostrea gigas</a></i>, is available on our website.</b><p></p><p><b>La version française de ce titre, <i><a href="https://www.quae.com/produit/938/9782759213962/mortalites-estivales-de-l-huitre-creuse-crassostrea-gigas" target="_blank">Mortalités estivales de l'huitre creuse Crassostrea gigas</a></i> est disponible sur notre site.</b></p>
02
00
Cet ouvrage décrit comment l'environnement, la reproduction, le stress, la génétique, les pathogènes et la température conduisent aux mortalités estivales en France. Des recommandations sont données pour prévoir et gérer les risques.
04
00
<div><strong>Acknowledgements<br /><br /></strong></div><div> </div><div><strong>Preface<br /><br /></strong></div><div> </div><div><strong>I. Evaluation of summer mortality risk factors in shellfish farming ecosystems</strong></div><div>Introduction</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Monitoring bivalve mortalities at the national level</div><div>A historical analysis of oyster mortalities in France</div><div>Mortalities in the Morest study sites</div><div>Objectives of chapter 1</div></blockquote><div>The thermal risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Thermal characteristics of the study sites</div><div>Thermal dynamics and mortalities</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>The pluviometric risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Pluviometric results at the national scale</div><div>Pluviometric results at the Morest study sites</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>The trophic risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Relationship between mortality and trophic resources (quantitative aspect)</div><div>Relationship between mortality and trophic resources (qualitative aspect)</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>The sediment risk factor</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>The sedimentary risk in the study sites</div><div>Studies on the chemistry of the sediment in the study sites</div><div>Summary</div></blockquote><div>Discussion–conclusion</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Spatial and temporal variability of the environmental risks under study</div><div>The thermal risk</div><div>The pluviometric risk</div><div>The trophic risk</div><div>The sedimentary risk</div><div>Analysis of a combined environmental risk<br /> </div></blockquote><div><strong>2. Mortality risks associated with physiological traits of oysters during reproduction</strong></div><div>Introduction</div><div>Materials and methods</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Experiments performed under controlled conditions</div><div>Field experiments</div><div>Live material</div><div>Analytical methods</div></blockquote><div>Gametogenesis, nutrition and mortalities</div><div>Metabolic needs in summer</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Evolution in metabolic needs with changes in temperature</div><div>Evolution of metabolic needs during gametogenesis</div></blockquote><div>The use of reserves over the summer period</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Use of reserves at different temperatures</div><div>The use of reserves depending on the intensity of gametogenesis</div><div>The effect of age on use of reserves</div><div>Annual variation in glycogen enzymes</div><div>Reserves and mortality</div><div>Conclusions on reserve utilization</div></blockquote><div>Nutrition and energy balance during summer</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Analysis in controlled conditions</div><div>Field studies</div><div>Modeling energetic fluxes over gametogenesis</div></blockquote><div>Immune deficiency in summer</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Oyster hemocytes: multipurpose cells</div><div>Hemocyte parameters and temperature</div><div>Hemocyte parameters and reproduction</div></blockquote><div>General conclusion<br /> </div><div><strong>3. Oyster summer mortality risks associated with environmental stress</strong></div><div>Introduction</div><div>Experimental stress studies</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Effect of hypoxia</div><div>Effect of pesticides</div></blockquote><div>Sources of disturbance and environmental stress examined with the ‘bottom-rack’ comparison model</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Potential sources of toxicity from the sediment</div><div>Potential toxicity sources in water and quality of the nutritional environment</div><div>Relationships between distance from the sediment and stress in oysters in the ‘bottom-rack’ experimental model</div></blockquote><div>Conclusion<br /> </div><div><strong>4. The genetic basis of summer mortality in Pacific oyster spat and potential for improving survival by selective breeding in France<br /></strong></div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div><strong>PART I. Study of the genetic basis of summer mortality resistance in juvenile Pacific oyster <em>Crassostrea gigas</em> over four generations of selection</strong></div><div>Introduction: context and objectives</div><div>First generation: estimation of the genetic basis of spat survival in their first summer in the field</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Materials and methods</div><div>Results from the first generation</div></blockquote><div>Second generation: divergent selection for high and low survival of spat in their first summer in the field</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Materials and methods</div><div>Results</div></blockquote><div>Third generation: repeatability of the response to divergent selection for high or low spat survival in the first summer and expression of the character in triploids</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Production of the G3 batches</div><div>Field study results</div></blockquote><div>Fourth generation: repeatability of response to selection</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>G4 production</div><div>Studies on the G batches</div></blockquote><div>Field survival performances in the second summer period</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Survival of batches that spent two summers in the field</div><div>Survival of batches that spent their first summer in the nursery and their second summer in the field</div></blockquote><div>Laboratory studies of spat survival performance and correlations with field data</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Results of the laboratory experiments</div><div>Comparisons between mortalities in the field and the laboratory</div></blockquote><div>Discussion and prospects for future research</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Genetic basis <em>vs.</em>vertical transmission of a pathogenic agent?</div><div>Why is there so much genetic variation for resistance to summer mortalities in natural populations?</div><div>Prospects for future research<br /> </div></blockquote><div><strong>PART II. Towards Gigas+, a selection program to improve summer survival of the Pacific oyster <em>Crassostrea gigas </em>in France</strong></div><div>A review of the use of selection methods for shellfish improvement worldwide</div><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right: 0px;"><div>Introduction</div><div>The French shellfish industry</div><div>Genetic improvement methods used in France</div><div>Commercial selection programs</div></blockquote><div>Points for the creation of a collaborative selection program to improve oyster summer survival in France: Gigas+</div><blockquot
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