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        <BiographicalNote language="fre">&lt;p&gt;Spécialiste des virus émergents, Etienne Decroly est directeur de recherche au CNRS au laboratoire Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques (AFMB) de l'université d'Aix-Marseille. Il enseigne la virologie dans différentes universités françaises. Ses travaux de recherche visent à développer de nouvelles stratégies antivirales et à mieux comprendre comment les virus émergents déguisent leur génome afin d’optimiser leur réplication.&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
        <BiographicalNote language="eng">&lt;p&gt;Specialist of emerging viruses, Etienne Decroly is CNRS Research Director at the Architecture and Function of Biological Macromolecules (AFMB) laboratory at the University of Aix-Marseille. He teaches virology at several French universities. His research focuses on developing new antiviral strategies and understanding how emerging viruses disguise their genome to optimize replication.&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;p&gt;La recherche en virologie est un enjeu de société majeur pour faire face à l’émergence de nouveaux pathogènes. Les avancées récentes en biologie synthétique ont permis de modifier les génomes viraux de manière rapide et efficace, facilitant ainsi le développement de modèles animaux « humanisés », essentiels pour étudier les infections et concevoir des vaccins plus performants. Cette recherche soulève cependant des questions importantes en matière de gestion des risques et de biosécurité, car les virus peuvent constituer une menace pour la santé publique mondiale. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Malgré les normes de sécurité mises en place pour protéger les chercheurs et la société, des accidents de recherche ont déjà eu lieu. Le risque zéro n’existe pas. Cet ouvrage aborde des questions éthiques et pratiques concernant ces recherches, en particulier les expériences controversées de « gain de fonction » sur des virus à potentiel pandémique. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;L’auteur s’interroge sur la nécessité de ces expériences pour anticiper l’émergence de nouveaux pathogènes, et plaide pour une régulation plus stricte dans le domaine de la recherche virologique afin de mieux protéger la société tout en continuant à avancer dans la lutte contre les maladies virales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://editions-quae.com/PDF/extrait-experiences-en-virologie-9782759240548.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Lire la préface de Catherine Donnars, Directrice de la collection «Sciences en questions»&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;div&gt;Research in virology is a major societal challenge in addressing the emergence of new pathogens. Recent advances in synthetic biology have made it possible to modify viral genomes quickly and efficiently, facilitating the development of “humanized“ animal models, essential for studying infections and designing more effective vaccines. However, this research raises important questions regarding risk management and biosafety, as viruses can pose a threat to global public health.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Despite safety standards implemented to protect researchers and society, research accidents have occurred. Zero risk does not exist. This book addresses ethical and practical questions surrounding such research, in particular the controversial “gain-of-function“ experiments on viruses with pandemic potential.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The author questions the need of such experiments to anticipate the emergence of new pathogens, and advocates for stricter regulation in the field of virology research to better protect society while continuing to make progress in the fight against viral diseases.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://editions-quae.com/PDF/extrait-experiences-en-virologie-9782759240548.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Read the preface (Catherine Donnars)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p&gt;La recherche et le développement de thérapeutiques nouvelles sont décuplées par les nouveaux outils de biologie synthétique et de manipulation des génomes viraux. Mais quels sont les risques d’usage malveillant ou d’accident de laboratoire ? L’auteur discute ces questions et la nécessité de plus de régulations dans ce domaine.&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;h3&gt;Préface&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Enjeux de la recherche en virologie dans le domaine de la santé publique&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Quelques exemples de pandémies&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; La lutte contre les virus : vaccins et antiviraux&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; La recherche en virologie : un continuum du risque&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Nature des expériences réalisées dans les laboratoires&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; La culture de virus&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Le clonage de génomes viraux&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les modèles animaux&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Le gain de fonction&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Mieux comprendre les enjeux des expériences de gain de fonction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les pathogènes à potentiel pandémique&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les niveaux de biosécurité&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Mieux adapter les contraintes de biosécurité aux risques biologiques&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les accidents de laboratoire ne sont pas exceptionnels&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Quelles expériences pour quels risques ?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Expériences dites « de passage en série »&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Identification de mutants d’échappement viraux&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Expériences sur des modèles expérimentaux animaux&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Biologie de synthèse en virologie&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Des expériences de gain de fonction sur les virus grippaux particulièrement risquées&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Des risques tout aussi problématiques pour les expériences de gain de fonction sur les coronavirus&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; La suppression d’un gène peut parfois augmenter la pathogenèse virale&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Des alternatives aux expériences de gain de fonction existent&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Comment réguler et mieux contrôler les expériences à risques ?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Références bibliographiques&lt;/h3&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;h3&gt;Foreword&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;The challenges of virology research in the field of public health&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Some examples of pandemics&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; The fight against viruses: vaccines and antivirals&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Virology research: a continuum of risk&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;The nature of laboratory experiments&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Virus in tissue culture&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Cloning of viral genomes&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Animal models&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Gain-of-function experiments&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Understanding the challenges of gain-of-function experiments&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Pathogens with pandemic potential&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Biosafety levels&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Adapting biosafety constraints to biological risks&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Laboratory accidents are not exceptional&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Which experiments for which risks?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Serial passage experiments&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Identification of escape variants&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Experiments on animal models&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Synthetic biology in virology&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Gain-of-function experiments on influenza viruses are particularly risky&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Equally problematic risks for gain-of-function experiments on coronaviruses&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Gene deletion can sometimes increase viral pathogenesis&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Alternatives to gain-of-function experiments exist&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; How can high-risk experiments be regulated and better controlled?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Bibliography&lt;/h3&gt;</Text>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;p&gt;La recherche en virologie est un enjeu de société majeur pour faire face à l’émergence de nouveaux pathogènes. Les avancées récentes en biologie synthétique ont permis de modifier les génomes viraux de manière rapide et efficace, facilitant ainsi le développement de modèles animaux « humanisés », essentiels pour étudier les infections et concevoir des vaccins plus performants. Cette recherche soulève cependant des questions importantes en matière de gestion des risques et de biosécurité, car les virus peuvent constituer une menace pour la santé publique mondiale. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Malgré les normes de sécurité mises en place pour protéger les chercheurs et la société, des accidents de recherche ont déjà eu lieu. Le risque zéro n’existe pas. Cet ouvrage aborde des questions éthiques et pratiques concernant ces recherches, en particulier les expériences controversées de « gain de fonction » sur des virus à potentiel pandémique. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;L’auteur s’interroge sur la nécessité de ces expériences pour anticiper l’émergence de nouveaux pathogènes, et plaide pour une régulation plus stricte dans le domaine de la recherche virologique afin de mieux protéger la société tout en continuant à avancer dans la lutte contre les maladies virales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://editions-quae.com/PDF/extrait-experiences-en-virologie-9782759240548.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Lire la préface de Catherine Donnars, Directrice de la collection «Sciences en questions»&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;div&gt;Research in virology is a major societal challenge in addressing the emergence of new pathogens. Recent advances in synthetic biology have made it possible to modify viral genomes quickly and efficiently, facilitating the development of “humanized“ animal models, essential for studying infections and designing more effective vaccines. However, this research raises important questions regarding risk management and biosafety, as viruses can pose a threat to global public health.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Despite safety standards implemented to protect researchers and society, research accidents have occurred. Zero risk does not exist. This book addresses ethical and practical questions surrounding such research, in particular the controversial “gain-of-function“ experiments on viruses with pandemic potential.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The author questions the need of such experiments to anticipate the emergence of new pathogens, and advocates for stricter regulation in the field of virology research to better protect society while continuing to make progress in the fight against viral diseases.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://editions-quae.com/PDF/extrait-experiences-en-virologie-9782759240548.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Read the preface (Catherine Donnars)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</Text>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;h3&gt;Préface&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Enjeux de la recherche en virologie dans le domaine de la santé publique&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Quelques exemples de pandémies&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; La lutte contre les virus : vaccins et antiviraux&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; La recherche en virologie : un continuum du risque&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Nature des expériences réalisées dans les laboratoires&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; La culture de virus&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Le clonage de génomes viraux&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les modèles animaux&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Le gain de fonction&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Mieux comprendre les enjeux des expériences de gain de fonction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les pathogènes à potentiel pandémique&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les niveaux de biosécurité&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Mieux adapter les contraintes de biosécurité aux risques biologiques&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les accidents de laboratoire ne sont pas exceptionnels&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Quelles expériences pour quels risques ?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Expériences dites « de passage en série »&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Identification de mutants d’échappement viraux&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Expériences sur des modèles expérimentaux animaux&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Biologie de synthèse en virologie&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Des expériences de gain de fonction sur les virus grippaux particulièrement risquées&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Des risques tout aussi problématiques pour les expériences de gain de fonction sur les coronavirus&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; La suppression d’un gène peut parfois augmenter la pathogenèse virale&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Des alternatives aux expériences de gain de fonction existent&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Comment réguler et mieux contrôler les expériences à risques ?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Références bibliographiques&lt;/h3&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;h3&gt;Foreword&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;The challenges of virology research in the field of public health&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Some examples of pandemics&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; The fight against viruses: vaccines and antivirals&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Virology research: a continuum of risk&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;The nature of laboratory experiments&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Virus in tissue culture&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Cloning of viral genomes&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Animal models&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Gain-of-function experiments&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Understanding the challenges of gain-of-function experiments&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Pathogens with pandemic potential&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Biosafety levels&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Adapting biosafety constraints to biological risks&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Laboratory accidents are not exceptional&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Which experiments for which risks?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Serial passage experiments&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Identification of escape variants&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Experiments on animal models&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Synthetic biology in virology&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Gain-of-function experiments on influenza viruses are particularly risky&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Equally problematic risks for gain-of-function experiments on coronaviruses&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Gene deletion can sometimes increase viral pathogenesis&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Alternatives to gain-of-function experiments exist&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; How can high-risk experiments be regulated and better controlled?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Bibliography&lt;/h3&gt;</Text>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;p&gt;La recherche en virologie est un enjeu de société majeur pour faire face à l’émergence de nouveaux pathogènes. Les avancées récentes en biologie synthétique ont permis de modifier les génomes viraux de manière rapide et efficace, facilitant ainsi le développement de modèles animaux « humanisés », essentiels pour étudier les infections et concevoir des vaccins plus performants. Cette recherche soulève cependant des questions importantes en matière de gestion des risques et de biosécurité, car les virus peuvent constituer une menace pour la santé publique mondiale. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Malgré les normes de sécurité mises en place pour protéger les chercheurs et la société, des accidents de recherche ont déjà eu lieu. Le risque zéro n’existe pas. Cet ouvrage aborde des questions éthiques et pratiques concernant ces recherches, en particulier les expériences controversées de « gain de fonction » sur des virus à potentiel pandémique. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;L’auteur s’interroge sur la nécessité de ces expériences pour anticiper l’émergence de nouveaux pathogènes, et plaide pour une régulation plus stricte dans le domaine de la recherche virologique afin de mieux protéger la société tout en continuant à avancer dans la lutte contre les maladies virales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://editions-quae.com/PDF/extrait-experiences-en-virologie-9782759240548.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Lire la préface de Catherine Donnars, Directrice de la collection «Sciences en questions»&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;div&gt;Research in virology is a major societal challenge in addressing the emergence of new pathogens. Recent advances in synthetic biology have made it possible to modify viral genomes quickly and efficiently, facilitating the development of “humanized“ animal models, essential for studying infections and designing more effective vaccines. However, this research raises important questions regarding risk management and biosafety, as viruses can pose a threat to global public health.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Despite safety standards implemented to protect researchers and society, research accidents have occurred. Zero risk does not exist. This book addresses ethical and practical questions surrounding such research, in particular the controversial “gain-of-function“ experiments on viruses with pandemic potential.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The author questions the need of such experiments to anticipate the emergence of new pathogens, and advocates for stricter regulation in the field of virology research to better protect society while continuing to make progress in the fight against viral diseases.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://editions-quae.com/PDF/extrait-experiences-en-virologie-9782759240548.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;Read the preface (Catherine Donnars)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</Text>
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        <Text language="fre">&lt;h3&gt;Préface&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Enjeux de la recherche en virologie dans le domaine de la santé publique&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Quelques exemples de pandémies&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; La lutte contre les virus : vaccins et antiviraux&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; La recherche en virologie : un continuum du risque&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Nature des expériences réalisées dans les laboratoires&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; La culture de virus&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Le clonage de génomes viraux&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les modèles animaux&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Le gain de fonction&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Mieux comprendre les enjeux des expériences de gain de fonction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les pathogènes à potentiel pandémique&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les niveaux de biosécurité&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Mieux adapter les contraintes de biosécurité aux risques biologiques&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Les accidents de laboratoire ne sont pas exceptionnels&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Quelles expériences pour quels risques ?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Expériences dites « de passage en série »&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Identification de mutants d’échappement viraux&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Expériences sur des modèles expérimentaux animaux&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Biologie de synthèse en virologie&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Des expériences de gain de fonction sur les virus grippaux particulièrement risquées&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Des risques tout aussi problématiques pour les expériences de gain de fonction sur les coronavirus&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; La suppression d’un gène peut parfois augmenter la pathogenèse virale&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Des alternatives aux expériences de gain de fonction existent&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Comment réguler et mieux contrôler les expériences à risques ?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Références bibliographiques&lt;/h3&gt;</Text>
        <Text language="eng">&lt;h3&gt;Foreword&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;The challenges of virology research in the field of public health&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Some examples of pandemics&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; The fight against viruses: vaccines and antivirals&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Virology research: a continuum of risk&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;The nature of laboratory experiments&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Virus in tissue culture&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Cloning of viral genomes&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Animal models&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Gain-of-function experiments&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Understanding the challenges of gain-of-function experiments&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Pathogens with pandemic potential&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Biosafety levels&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Adapting biosafety constraints to biological risks&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Laboratory accidents are not exceptional&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Which experiments for which risks?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Serial passage experiments&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Identification of escape variants&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Experiments on animal models&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Synthetic biology in virology&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Gain-of-function experiments on influenza viruses are particularly risky&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Equally problematic risks for gain-of-function experiments on coronaviruses&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt; Gene deletion can sometimes increase viral pathogenesis&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt; Alternatives to gain-of-function experiments exist&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt; How can high-risk experiments be regulated and better controlled?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Bibliography&lt;/h3&gt;</Text>
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