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        <BiographicalNote language="fre">Angela Zeller, diplômée d’un master 2 en sociologie, a été chargée d’études Genre et du projet européen GenderSmart à l’ANR.</BiographicalNote>
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        <Text>&lt;p&gt;Whilst women’s representation in sciences is on the rise, this increase is not of the same scope across all academic fields, such as mathematics or computer science. In addition, the proportion of women decreases at higher levels of the academic hierarchy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The persistence of these disparities and inequalities can be explained by the strength of stereotypes and ideological positions maintaining men and women in different and hierarchical social roles. These anchored unconscious stereotypes and gendered representations convey biases that can creep into evaluation processes, be it regarding careers or research projects, and they can also determine and guide scientific approaches.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Given the complexity of the phenomena leading to the (re)production of inequalities, what measures can be enforced? And how can we ensure their efficiency for the ecosystem as a whole?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This book—thought as the extension of the Gender in Research colloquium held in December 2020—brings together scientists and funding agencies to address these questions and provide answers. Drawing on a variety of perspectives, depending on whether they emanate from scientists or funders, the contributions offer analyses of different kinds, yet all grounded in a reflexive endeavour.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This diversity allows to reaffirm that equality is a matter for all stakeholders in the research ecosystem, and their ability to engage in dialogue and collaborate is crucial to guarantee the coherence and efficiency of their actions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This book is intended for all the stakeholders involved in the conduct of research and/or its evaluation, regardless of the scientific discipline.&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p&gt;The persistence of disparities and inequalities in the representation of women in science can be explained by the strength of stereotypes and ideological positions maintaining men and women in different and hierarchical social roles. These stereotypes convey biases that can creep into evaluation processes, be it regarding careers or research projects, and they can also determine and guide scientific approaches. Given the complexity of the phenomena leading to the (re)production of inequalities, what measures can be enforced? And how can we ensure their efficiency for the ecosystem as a whole?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;h5&gt;Content&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Introduction &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Part I - Assessment and potential gender bias&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 1. Gender and assessment of project-based research: the ANR’s commitments and measures &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Project-based research funding and assessment issues &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;The ANR’s commitments and programmes &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 2. Gender and evaluation: analysis of a funding agency &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;FRS-FNRS, the research funding agency in French-speaking Belgium &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Current assessment procedures and their analysis &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;The feminization of grant holders over recent decades &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Success rates and gender &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Women under-represented at the top of the academic ladder &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Under-representation of women in assessment processes &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 3. Assessing gender bias in the allocation of research funds &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Research grants &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gender bias in the allocation process &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;EUROCORES programmes &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Part II - Gender bias in knowledge production&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 4. Gender bias in the production and circulation of knowledge in a development context &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Invisibilization of women as research subjects &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gender bias in research and higher education &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Marginalization of gender and women’s studies &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Transforming power relations in the production and circulation of feminist knowledge &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 5. The sex and/or gender dimension in research projects. Analysis of a test phase at the ANR &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Methodology &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;A very high response rate &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Highly contrasting responses &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Human resources considerations &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;The sex and/or gender dimension of research &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 6. Understanding resistance to gender equality: the role of ideologies in justifying the system &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gender stereotypes and the maintenance of social hierarchies &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Ideology of intensive mothering &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Neoliberal ideology and collective action &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Part III - Case studies&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 7. Regulation of sex determination and ovarian differentiation: implications for variations in sexual development &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gonadal sex determination, a key stage in mammalian sexual development &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;A single embryonic organ, the undifferentiated gonad &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Control of gonad differentiation by antagonistic genetic cascades &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;The objectives of the ANR SexDiff project &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 8. Using gender to improve understanding of links between agriculture and food in farming households &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;General framework &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gender in research content: design and implementation &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gender in research content: results &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Operational implications &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 9. Improving crops using gender-specific consumer-oriented methods &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Inclusive approach to the factors determining RTB users’ food product profiles &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;General conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;List of contributors &lt;/h5&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p&gt;Whilst women’s representation in sciences is on the rise, this increase is not of the same scope across all academic fields, such as mathematics or computer science. In addition, the proportion of women decreases at higher levels of the academic hierarchy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The persistence of these disparities and inequalities can be explained by the strength of stereotypes and ideological positions maintaining men and women in different and hierarchical social roles. These anchored unconscious stereotypes and gendered representations convey biases that can creep into evaluation processes, be it regarding careers or research projects, and they can also determine and guide scientific approaches.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Given the complexity of the phenomena leading to the (re)production of inequalities, what measures can be enforced? And how can we ensure their efficiency for the ecosystem as a whole?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This book—thought as the extension of the Gender in Research colloquium held in December 2020—brings together scientists and funding agencies to address these questions and provide answers. Drawing on a variety of perspectives, depending on whether they emanate from scientists or funders, the contributions offer analyses of different kinds, yet all grounded in a reflexive endeavour.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This diversity allows to reaffirm that equality is a matter for all stakeholders in the research ecosystem, and their ability to engage in dialogue and collaborate is crucial to guarantee the coherence and efficiency of their actions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This book is intended for all the stakeholders involved in the conduct of research and/or its evaluation, regardless of the scientific discipline.&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;p&gt;The persistence of disparities and inequalities in the representation of women in science can be explained by the strength of stereotypes and ideological positions maintaining men and women in different and hierarchical social roles. These stereotypes convey biases that can creep into evaluation processes, be it regarding careers or research projects, and they can also determine and guide scientific approaches. Given the complexity of the phenomena leading to the (re)production of inequalities, what measures can be enforced? And how can we ensure their efficiency for the ecosystem as a whole?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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        <Text>&lt;h5&gt;Content&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Introduction &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Part I - Assessment and potential gender bias&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 1. Gender and assessment of project-based research: the ANR’s commitments and measures &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Project-based research funding and assessment issues &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;The ANR’s commitments and programmes &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 2. Gender and evaluation: analysis of a funding agency &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;FRS-FNRS, the research funding agency in French-speaking Belgium &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Current assessment procedures and their analysis &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;The feminization of grant holders over recent decades &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Success rates and gender &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Women under-represented at the top of the academic ladder &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Under-representation of women in assessment processes &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 3. Assessing gender bias in the allocation of research funds &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Research grants &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gender bias in the allocation process &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;EUROCORES programmes &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Part II - Gender bias in knowledge production&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 4. Gender bias in the production and circulation of knowledge in a development context &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Invisibilization of women as research subjects &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gender bias in research and higher education &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Marginalization of gender and women’s studies &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Transforming power relations in the production and circulation of feminist knowledge &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 5. The sex and/or gender dimension in research projects. Analysis of a test phase at the ANR &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Methodology &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;A very high response rate &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Highly contrasting responses &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Human resources considerations &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;The sex and/or gender dimension of research &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 6. Understanding resistance to gender equality: the role of ideologies in justifying the system &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gender stereotypes and the maintenance of social hierarchies &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Ideology of intensive mothering &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Neoliberal ideology and collective action &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Part III - Case studies&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 7. Regulation of sex determination and ovarian differentiation: implications for variations in sexual development &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gonadal sex determination, a key stage in mammalian sexual development &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;A single embryonic organ, the undifferentiated gonad &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Control of gonad differentiation by antagonistic genetic cascades &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;The objectives of the ANR SexDiff project &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 8. Using gender to improve understanding of links between agriculture and food in farming households &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;General framework &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gender in research content: design and implementation &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Gender in research content: results &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Operational implications &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Chapter 9. Improving crops using gender-specific consumer-oriented methods &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Inclusive approach to the factors determining RTB users’ food product profiles &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;Conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;General conclusion &lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h5&gt;List of contributors &lt;/h5&gt;</Text>
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