The beech

TABLE OF AUTHORS

FOREWORD, by Pierre BOUVAREL

INTRODUCTION, by Pierre MARTINOT-LAGARDE

1.TAXONOMY AND BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS, by Michel BECKER 

2.HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION

2.1.History, by Jean-Louis VERNET

2.2.Distribution in Europe and France, by Jean TIMBAL

3.ECOLOGY

3.1.Climate, by Michel BECKER 

3.2.Soil, by François LE TACON

3.3.Marginal Beechstands in southern France, by Bernard COMPS, Josette LETOUZEY, Bernard THIÉBAUT, Jean TIMBAL

3.4.Beechstand typology, by Jean TIMBAL

3.5.Beechstand phenology, by Michel BECKER

3.6.Beech and maintenance of natural balances

4.PHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH

4.1.Photosynthesis, by Gilbert AUSSENAC

4.2.Bud and root growth, by Arthur RIEDACKER

4.3.Shoot formation, by Bernard THIÉBAUT

4.4. Particularities of beech bark, by Françoise HUBER

4.5. Beech mycorrhizae, their role in minerai nutrition, by François LE TACON

4.6. Minerai elements in leaves. Principal values of foliar diagnostic

5. SILVICULTURE

5.1. History and objectives, by Jean PARDÉ

5.2. Reproduction. 

5.3. Natural regeneration

5.4. Artificial regeneration, plantation

5.5. Stand management 

6. PRODUCTION

6.1. Volume tables, by Jean BOUCHON

6.2. Yield tables, by Noël LE GOFF

6.3. Silviculture models and norms of density, by Helfried OSWALD

6.4. Beech production in France, by Gérard NEPVEU

6.5. Factors of production, by François LE TACON

7. BEECHWOOD

7.1. Beechwood structures, by René KELLER

7.2. Beechwood properties, by Gérard NEPVEU

7.3.  Beechwood utilizations, by Gérard NEPVEU

7.4. Beechwood grading, by Gérard NEPVEU

7.5. Beechwood preservation, by Gérard NEPVEU

7.6.  Factors affecting the beechwood quality: environment, silviculture, heredity, by Gérard NEPVEU

8.  GENETIC IMPROVEMENT

8.1. Objectives, by Eric TEISSIER du CROS 

8.2. Breeding strategy, by Eric TEISSIER du CROS 

8.3. Stand selection, by Pierre DUCREUX and Eric TEISSIER du CROS 

8.4. Principal results of beech improvement, by Eric TEIS- SIER du CROS 

9. DAMAGES TO BEECH AND BEECHSTANDS 

9.1. Beechnuts and flowers 

9.2. Seedlings, by Robert PERRIN

9.3.  Twigs, branches and bole, by Robert PERRIN

9.4. Leaves

9.5. Roots: ink disease, by Robert PERRIN

9.6. Wood alterations

9.7. Big game, by Jean-François PICARD

9.8. Beech and atmospheric pollution, by Noël DÉCOURT

9.9. Damage by herbicides, by Henri FROCHOT

10. BEECHSTAND  MANAGEMENT:  POINT OF VIEW OF FORESTERS, by André MORMICHE and Bernard VANNIÈRE

10.1. Management aim

10.2. Principal management systems

10.3. The high forest system

10.4. The individual selection system

10.5. The group selection system

10.6. Conversion of coppice-with-standards into other systems

10.7. Case of mountain beechstands

11. CONCLUSION, by Jean PARDÉ

APPENDIX 1 : Volume tables

APPENDIX 2 : Yield Tables

APPENDIX 3 : Symptoms of diseases of beech

GLOSSARY

INDEX