Biodiversity and Local Ecological Knowledge in France

Local Ecological Knowledge: A Global

Access to the Benefits of Sharing

Feeding International Debates

General Introduction

From the Local Level to Indigenousness: Recognizing Cultural Diversity

Introduction

Heritage, Culture and Identity

• Building the Local Level in France
• Can all Heritage be Institutionalized? The Example of Cock-Fighting
• Intangible Heritage: The Transmission Filters
• The Terroir, a Concept with Multiple Meanings
• The Terroir, a Tool for the Recognition of Farming Knowledge in Africa

Acknowledging Indigenousness

• Indigenous Communities and Peoples
• Article 8(j) of the CBD: A Pragmatic Application
• Respecting Indigenous Customs or Creating a Republican Form of Exclusion
• Protection of the Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Communities
• The National Park in French Guiana: Heritage, Territory and Identity at Stake
• “We are seeking the restitution of the components of our identity and the rights related to it”
• Local Communities and Indigenousness:The Danger of Unsuitable Concepts in Cameroon

Conservation: Inventorying, Understanding and Acting

Introduction

From Genetic Resources to Ecosystems, via Micro-organisms

• The Challenge of Conserving Local Practices, Knowledge, and the Living World
• The BRG (Genetic Resources Board)
• Local Vegetable Varieties: Heritage in Evolution
• The Conservation of Livestock Breeds
• The Institut de l’Élevage (Livestock Institute)
• RESOMIL: Conserving and Promoting Microbial Resources
• Agroforestry and Bocage Systems, Local Knowledge and Biodiversity

Multiple Stakeholders

• The Midi-Pyrénées CPBR (Conservatory for Regional Biological Heritage)
• The Nord-Pas-de-Calais CRRG (Regional Center for Genetic Resources)
• The CBN (National Botanical Conservatories)
• The Conservatoires d’Espaces Naturels (Natural Areas Conservatories)
• The Yam Conservatory
• The Salagon Ethnobotanical Gardens: Between Cultural Heritage and Botanical Conservation
• Les Croqueurs de Pommes (Apple Munchers Association)
• AFCEV (French Association for the Conservation of Plant Species)

Innovative Approaches

• Conserving and Developing Crop Biodiversity
• The Réseau Semences Paysannes (Farming Seed Network)
• The Results of Conservation:The CévennesNational Park
• Local Knowledge in Nature Management Schemes

Promotion: Exploiting Sites and Heritage

Introduction

The Protection of Geographical Indications

• The Birth of a Protection and Promotion Policy:
• The INAO Experience
• Taking Local Knowledge into Account in the AOC System
• AOC Piment d’Espelette
• Obtaining PGI Status for Salt from the Ile de Ré Salt Marsh
• AOC Pré Salé Lamb: A Driving Force for the Preservation of a Fragile Habitat

Heritage Initiatives of a more Informal Nature

• Heritage Production: Between Naturalization and Excessive Historicity
• Parc Naturel Régional: The Trademark
• Sites Remarquables du Goût: The Trademark
• The Inventory of French Culinary Heritage
• Slow Food: Protecting and Promoting Taste

Positive Consequences and Uncertainties

• Economic Aspects of Geographical Indications
• AOC Comté
• Exploiting Traditional Medicinal Knowledge in France
• Bois Jaune and Tisaneurs: The Application of Article 8(j) in an Overseas Department

Growing Interest from Other Countries

• International Protection of GIs: Challenges and Opportunities for Southern Countries
• The INAO and Cooperation
• Building a Framework Suited to National Specificities and Respecting International Law

General Conclusion

Postface

• Local Ecological Knowledge and Practice: An Original Approach in France
• The French Model for Protecting Traditional Knowledge: Innovation, Creativity and Challenge

Endnotes

Glossary

General Bibliography

Acronyms

Authors’ Addresses