Mycotoxins

Partie I - An overview of the mycotoxin thematic by mycotoxin

Chapitre 1. Les aflatoxines

Jean-Denis Bailly et Sylviane Bailly

Introduction

Structure des aflatoxines

Biosynthèse des aflatoxines

Espèces productrices d’aflatoxines

Contamination des aliments par les aflatoxines

Toxicité des aflatoxines

Conclusion

Références

Chapitre 2. Les ochratoxines

Selma Snini et Florence Mathieu

Introduction

Chemical structure of ochratoxins

Biosynthesis of OTA

OTA-producing species

Types of contaminated food and occurrence

Metabolism and genesis of modified forms of OTA

Toxicity of OTA

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3. Patulin

Sophie Lorber, Chrystian Zetina-Serrano, Sabine Schorr-Galindo, Thierry Gauthier et Olivier Puel

Introduction

Chemical structure and physicochemical characteristics

Patulin producing species

Biosynthesis of patulin

Roles

Occurrence and contamination of foodstuffs

Biotransformation

Toxicity of patulin

Conclusion

References

Chapter 4. Zearalenone

Laura Soler-Vasco et Florence Forget

Introduction

Chemical structure, zearalenone producing species, biosynthetic pathways

Types of contaminated food and occurrence

Toxicokinetics of zearalenone: absorption, metabolism, excretion

Toxicity of zearalenone

Conclusion

References

Chapter 5. Trichothecenes A and B

Philippe Pinton, Florence Forget et Isabelle Oswald

Introduction

Chemical structure, producing species, biosynthetic pathways

Regulation of Trichothecenes (TCT) biosynthesis

Types of contaminated food and occurrence

Metabolism of trichothecenes

Toxicity of trichothecenes

Conclusion

References

Chapter 6. Fumonisins

Florence Forget et Philippe Guerre

Introduction

Chemical structure, fumonisins producing species, biosynthetic pathways

Types of contaminated food and occurrence

Toxicokinetics: absorption, metabolism, excretion

Toxicity of fumonisins

Mechanisms of action: biomarker concept

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7. Major emerging toxins of Fusarium spp.

Florence Forget, Philippe Pinton, Isabelle Oswald, El Hassan Ajandouz et Marc Maresca

Introduction

Enniatins and beauvericins

Moniliformin

Fusaproliferin

Fusaric acid

Culmorin

Butenolide

Apicidin

Conclusion

References

Chapter 8. Ergot alkaloids

Nathalie Arnich, Béatrice Orlando et Olivier Puel

Introduction

Chemical structures

Ergot alkaloids producing species

Biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids

Main contaminated foods and occurrence

Alkaloid fate and metabolism

Toxicity of Ergot alkaloids

Conclusion

References

Chapter 9. Toxins of Alternaria spp.

Léna Dole, Caroline Strub, Angélique Fontana, Thierry Gauthier et Sabine Schorr-Galindo

Introduction

Chemical structure of Alternaria spp. toxins

Mycotoxin-producing species of the Alternaria genus

Biosynthesis of Alternaria spp. toxins

Occurrence of Alternaria spp. toxins and main contaminated foods

Toxicity of the main Alternaria spp. toxins

Conclusion

References

Chapter 10. Other toxins from Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.

Nolwenn Hymery et Monika Coton

Introduction

Citrinin

3-nitropropionic acid

Terrein

Gliotoxin

Cyclopiazonic acid

Tremorgenic mycotoxins

Mycophenolic acid

PR toxin

Sterigmatocystin

Conclusion

References

Chapter 11. Main mycotoxins produced by endophytic grass fungi

Philippe Guerre

Introduction

The endophytic fungi of grasses

Mycotoxins produced by the genus Neotyphodium

Variations in mycotoxin concentrations in plants

Main mycotoxicosis

Toxicokinetics and mechanisms of action

Conclusion

References

Chapter 12. Toxins from Stachybotrys spp.

Virginie Séguin et David Garon

Introduction

Structures of metabolites produced by Stachybothrys spp.

Biosynthesis of Stachybotrys toxins

Stachybotrys toxins producing species

Contaminated environments

Metabolism and modified form genesis

Toxicity of Stachybotrys toxins

Other activities

Conclusion

References

Partie II - The Mcotoxin concern and future chalenge

Chapter 13. Effect of environmental conditions on fungal growth and mycotoxin production

Claudia López Rodríguez, Akita Meklat et Carol Verheecke-Vaessen

Introduction

Ecophysiology of the main toxigenic fungal species

Ecophysiology and interaction of mycotoxigenic fungi: impact on toxin production

Conclusion

References

Chapter 14. Factors and mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis of mycotoxin

Olivier Puel, Chrystian Zetina-Serrano et Sophie Lorber

Introduction

Biosynthetic pathways and gene clusters

Environmental stimuli and associated genetic global regulators

Epigenetic regulation

Conclusion

References

Chapter 15. Agronomic practices minimizing the contamination of crops with mycotoxins in pre-harvest?

Béatrice Orlando et Benoît Méléard

Introduction

Multifactorial management adapted to each toxin/crop couple

Controlling fungal inoculum in the field environment: a major challenge

Prevention during crop cultivation

Curative action during cultivation

Support tools for farmers and collectors

Prevention during the harvest

Conclusion

References

Chapter 16. Conditions favoring the occurrence and preventive management of mycotoxin contamination during post-harvest storage

Francis Fleurat-Lessard

Introduction

Ecophysiology of stored grain molds

Interaction between fungal species dynamics and storage conditions

Preventive management of mycotoxin contamination of stored grains

Conclusion

References

Chapter 17. Toxin fate during food processing of food products

Gwénaëlle Jard et Jean-Denis Bailly

Introduction

Fate of mycotoxins in plant products

Fate of mycotoxins in animal products

Effects of heat treatment

Conclusion

References

Chapter 18. Biocontrol solutions as a strategy to minimize mycotoxin contamination

Caroline Strub, Sophie Lorber, Florence Forget et Angélique Fontana

Introduction

Biocontrol

Microbiological detoxification

Conclusion

References

Chapter 19. Mycotoxin quantification methods

Graziella Rigal, Stéphane Bernillon et Vessela Atanasova

Introduction

Importance of sampling

The grinding stage: the importance of granulometry

Mycotoxin extraction

Rapid mycotoxin quantification methods

Conventional mycotoxin assay methods

Conclusion

References

Chapter 20: Assessment of mycotoxin-related health risks and regulations

Isabelle Oswald, Béatrice Orlando et Nathalie Arnich

Introduction

Hazard characterization

Dietary exposure

Risk characterization

Regulations

Surveillance

Conclusion

References

Chapter 21. Mixture issues

Imourana Alassane-Kpembi et Isabelle Oswald

Introduction

Multi-exposures involving mycotoxins

Toxicodynamic interactions of mycotoxins: how to assess them?

Effects of mycotoxins on the amplitude of the toxicological response

Effects of mycotoxins on the fate of xenobiotics in the body

Conclusion

References

Chapter 22. Mycotoxin exposure in a context of changing climate and practices

Jean Michel Savoie, Marie Hélène Robin et Florence Forget

Introduction

Probable consequences of climate change on mycotoxin risk in cereals production

Expected impact of changes in cereal production practices on mycotoxin risk

Changes in eating and consumption habits and mycotoxin risk

Conclusion

References